Carteret, Philip, governor of New Jer-

sey, i. 522.

Carteret, Lord, sells out to the crown in
Carolina with reservation (1729), ii.
216.

Cartier, James, discovers and ascends
the St. Lawrence river, i. 15; site of
Montreal, 16; third voyage, 17; at
Quebec, 17; result unfavorable, 17,
18.

Cartwright, George, one of the royal com-
missioners for New England (1664),
i. 37, 376.

Cartwright, John, advocates independ-
ence of America, ii. 474; views of
(1775), iv. 186.

Cartwright, speaker of assembly, etc.,
in Carolina (1674), i. 423.
Carver, John, goes to England, i. 201;
chosen governor by the Pilgrims, 207;
death, 210.

Carver, Jonathan, western explorer, iii.
354, 355.

Cary, Archibald, in Virginia convention,
iv. 415.

Cary, Thomas, in North Carolina, ii. 14-
16; with others sent to England, 16.
Casco, Maine, Indian ravages in and
near, ii 195.

Castin, Baron de Saint, in Maine, ii.

178, 183; activity in Acadia, 198.
Castine, on Penobscot bay, expedition
against by Massachusetts, v. 333;
failure, 323, 334.

Caswell, Richard, in North Carolina, iv.
259; head of the minute-men in
Newbern, 388; with Moore defeats
the Highlanders, 389, 390; in com-
mand of militia on Deep river, v.
384; in battle of Camden, 887;
rushes away with Gates, 389.
Catawba Indians, ii. 94; at Albany,
369; faithful to the English, 425.
Catharine II., empress of Russia, char-
acter and course, iv. 275, 276; re-
fuses to hire out her troops against
Americans, 276-279; sarcastic letter
to George III., 279.

Catholics, Roman, in Maryland, privi-
leges of, i. 161, 162; Jesuit influence
and course, 165-167; "papists," few
in Maryland, 172; how treated, 173;
position of, in Ireland, iii. 21-25;
trials and sufferings of, 23-27; po-
sition of, in Canada (1774), iv. 80;
worship established. 80, 81; overtures
to, from congress, 81, 82; number in
colonies very few compared with
Protestants, 81.

Cavendish, Lord John, pronounces Brit-
ain disgraced by hiring German mer-

cenarics, iv. 357; on revising acts of
parliament, v. 54-56; supports mo-
tion to discontinue American war, 530.
Cayuga Indians, one of the Five Na-
tions, i. 583.

Celoron de Bienville, in the Ohio valley,
ii. 344, 366.

Chabot, admiral of France, i. 15.
Chad's Ford, v. 176, 177.
Chambly, Fort, taken, iv. 296.
Champlain, Lake, New York, crossed
by Ethan Allen (1775), iv. 182; cruise
of Arnold on, 194; forts garrisoned,
194; Arnold's and Carleton's strife
for mastery on, v. 59.
Champlain, Samuel, expedition to Cana-
da, i. 18; builds a fort on site of
Quebec, 18; explorations and advent-
ures, 20, 21; "father of New France,"
21; death of, 21; governor of New
France, ii. 138; invites Franciscan
and Jesuit missionarics into Canada,
138, 139.

Chancellor, Richard, reaches Archangel,
i. 62.

Charles I., king of England, i. 135;
treatment of Virginia, 185, 186; royal
monopoly of tobacco, 186; trial and
execution of, 333; cffects produced,

334.

Charles II., king of England, restora-
tion, i. 344; character of, 344, 345;
favors Rhode Island, 362-364; lav-
ish grants of territory, 365, 366;
course as to Massachusetts, 380-381;
gives the territory of New Nether-
land to James, duke of York, 518;
dissolves parliament, becomes abso-
lute, 598, 594; death of, 595.
Charles III., king of Spain, v. 135;
much dislikes colonial independence,
136, 260; not ready for war with
England, 137; secretly aids United
States, 138; desire and policy of,
260.

Charles Augustus of Saxc-Weimar, and
his ministers, v. 234.
Charleston, South Carolina, founded, i.
430; attacked by the French, ii. 194,
195; attack and repulse of the Brit-
ish (1776), iv. 398-408; in danger
from the British, v. 369; besieged by
Clinton (1780), 376; Lincoln capitu-
lates, severe terms, 377; spoils taken,
378; effect produced, 379; British
retreat to (1781), 504; state conven-
tion on the federal constitution meets
in, vi. 419, 420.
Charlestown, Massachusetts, founded, i.
223, 227; settlement at, 237; organi-
zation of a church, 238; spirited

conduct of people, iii. 450; burned
on day of Bunker Hill battle, iv. 224.
Charlevoix, the traveller, ii. 223, 231.
Charlotte, North Carolina, v. 396; Corn-
wallis retreats from, 401; General
Greene arrives in, 478; country round
ravaged by the British, 479.
Charter, first colonial English, i. 85,
86; second for Virginia, 99; third,
101, 105 (see Virginia); charter of
Maryland (see Maryland); second
Plymouth Company's, 215; charter
revoked, 275; Massachusetts charter,
224 (see Massachusetts); Rhode Isl-
and charter, 296; Connecticut char-
ter, 358; in danger, ii. 48 (see Con-
necticut); Carolina charter, i. 408;
second, 412 (see Carolina); New
Netherland charter, 499; Pennsyl-
vania charter, 552, 553; New York
franchise, etc., 582 (see New York).
Chase, Samuel, active in Maryland af-

fairs, iv. 252, 253; on the articles of
confederation, v. 12, 13; opposes the
federal constitution in Maryland con-
vention, vi. 412.

Chase, Thomas, a "Son of Liberty," in
Boston (1765), iii. 135; refuses oath
as juror, iv. 53.

Chastellux, iv. 369; Washington's af-
fection for, vi. 22, 23.
Chatham, earl of (William Pitt), in
house of lords, iii. 226; regret of the
people, 223, 227; plans league against
the Bourbons, 223; infirmities of
age, 223, 229; last time in house of
lords, 237; dismisses Townshend,
244; withdraws, 244; visited by
Grafton, 255; throws up office, 315;
advice to the aristocracy, 863; speaks
again in the house of lords, 365, 366;
on the revenue act, 380, 381; anxious
as to American affairs, 438; position
of (1774), iv. 93; interview with
Franklin, 93, 99; differs with Rock-
ingham, 99; speech on removing
troops from Boston, etc., 101-104;
praises Americans and congress, 102,
103;
the last hope to prevent civil
war, 115; plan for reconciliation,
115, 116; praises Franklin, 116;
plan rejected, 116, 117; stern wordd
of, 116, 117; still the hope of goos
men, 236; favors "Common Sense,"
312; on peace with the United States,
(1777), v. 141; denounces using red
men against Americans, 159; totally
opposed to continuing the war (1778),
221; o posed to the independence of
the United States, 253; last great
speech against dismembering the

monarchy," 253, 254; takes to his
bed and dies (May 1778), 254; pecu-
liarity of his career, 254, 255.
Chaumont, missionary to the Senecas, ii.
147, 148.

Chauvin and Pontgravé, monopoly of
fur-trade, i. 18.

Cheesman, Edmund, cxecuted in Vir-
ginia, i. 467.

Cherokees, ii. 95; treaty with, 216;
meet Oglethorpe, 284; faithful to the
English, 425; badly treated by Lyt-
telton, 514-517; in council, 516;
attacked by the English, 519; cause
Montgomery and force to retreat, 520,
521; kill the fugitives, 521; expedi
tion against, 550, 551; peace by
mutual concessions, 551; negotiate
boundary with Stuart, iii. 320, 321;
another treaty (1770), 392; sought by
Gage against Americans, iv. 59; com-
mit murders, 84; number of warriors
(1775), 181; urged to take up the
hatchet, 257; engage in warfare
against the Americans, v. 62, 63; re-
sult, 63, 64; with other Indians, routed
by the Americans, 314; ravages in
South Carolina, 395, 396; promise the
British to ravage the country, 403.
Cherry Valley, New York, attacked, and
murders committed by Indians and
tories, v. 288.
Chesapeake bay, discovered by the Span-
iards, i. 50; called the “Bay of St.

Mary," 50, 51; explored by John
Smith, 94, 95; and by Clayborne, 154.
Chesterfield, lord, foretells revolution,
ii. 376.

Chew's House, Pennsylvania, v. 192;
Musgrave and British troops in, 194.
Cheyenne Indians, ii. 90; of the Algon-
kin family, 90.

Chicago, visited by Marquette (1675), ii.

159.

Chicasas, ii. 97; fierce warriors, 234; at
war with the French, 235, 236; ever
friends with Oglethorpe, 291.
Chicheley, Sir Henry, in Virginia, i. 457,

458.

Chickahominy river, ascended by John
Smith, i. 93.

Chiegnecto (Fort Lawrence), town in
Acadia, expedition against, ii. 358,
360.

Child, Sir Joshua, on trade of Massachu-
setts, i. 382.

Childe, Robert, in Massachusetts, i. 306,
307.

Chiswell's lead-mine in Carolina, iii. 321.
Choctas, ii. 98; with Bienville, 235;
meet Oglethorpe, 284; sought by

Gage against Americans, iv. 59; num-
ber of warriors (1775), 181; refuse to
join the Cherokees against the whites,
v. 64.

Choiseul, De, Etienne F., statesmanlike

views (1764), iii. 75; foresces revolu-
tion in America, 152; on the progress
of the American colonies, and proba-
ble results, 227, 228; sends agent on
inspection of America, 247; policy of,
260, 261; projects as to commerce,
etc., 294, 295; inquisitive as to Amer-
ican affairs, 3C0; watchful, 325; ob-
servant of English course in America,
329-331; on a republic in America,
339, 340; on Russian ambition, 342,
343; dismissed and exiled (1770),
397; the cause of this, his national
spirit and character, 397, 399.
Chowan river, North Carolina, i. 410,
411.

Christaensen, Hendrik, i. 489.

Christison, W., a brave Quaker, i. 315.
Church, Benjamin, partisan warrior

against the Indians (1676), i. 393.
Church, Benjamin, a professed patriot
(1771), iii. 407; advice to General
Gage, iv. 67; director of the hospital,

246.

Church of England prevails in Virginia,

i. 112, 443, 447; position in Mary-
land, 158; parties in, 186, 187; in
Carolina, 419; service of, in Boston
(1686), 585; in South Carolina, ii. 12;
in North Carolina, 14; established in
Virginia and Maryland, 18, 21; in
New York, 39; church livings in Vir-
ginia, 341; disestablished in Virginia,
155, 156. See Episcopal Church.
Cibola, Land of Buffaloes, and its seven

cities, i. 31; search for, 31-34.
Cilley, Colonel, of New Hampshire, ac-
tivity of, iv. 169; troops under, v.
184.

Cincinnati, Society of the, formed (1783),
vi. 82.

Citizenship of state. See State Citizen-
ship.

Citizenship of the United States, v. 200;
vi. 292, 293.

Civil list, American, refused by Gren-
ville, iii. 68.

Clarendon, Lord, friend to Rhode Island,
i. 362-364; also to Massachusetts,
870, 371, 376; in exile, 380; one of
the proprietaries of Carolina, 408;
prime minister of England, 590, 591.
Clarendon colony, North Carolina, i.

411.

Clark, George R., goes to the legislature

of Virginia (1776), v. 309; leads ex-

pedition against British and Indians
on the Illinois and Wabash, 310; diffi-
culties and trials (1779), 313; attacks
and captures Hamilton at Vincennes,
313, 314; establishes Fort Jefferson,
315; thanked by the legislature of
Virginia, 316.

Clark, John, plants near Roger Will-
iams, i. 262; agent of the colony in
England, 362, 364.

Clark, Jonas, minister at Lexington, iv.

154.

Clarke, lieutenant-governor of New Jer-
sey (1786), ii. 255.

Clarke, Richard, and the Boston tea
party, iii. 448.

Clarke, Walter, governor of Rhode Isl-
and (1686), i. 587.
Clayborne, William, secretary of Vir-
ginia, i. 135; superseded, 137; ac-
tive and enterprising, 154; explores
Chesapeake bay, 154; occupies Isle
of Kent, 155; resists Lord Baltimore,
162, 163; attainted, 163; asserts
claim to Kent Island, 166; goes into
Maryland, 171.

Cleaveland, Colonel B., at King's Mount-
ain, South Carolina, v. 597, 399.
Clinton, George, governor of New York,
(1748), ii. 333; plan for governing
the colonies, 333, 334; advises coer-
cion, 337, 338; threatens the colonies
with the power of parliament, 339,
340; urges stringent measures, 355;
the assembly refuses to aid him in
regard to Indian alliances, 362; re-
moved, 375; impeached by New
York, 410.

Clinton, George (1775), delegate to con-
gress, iv., 190; in skirmish with Brit-
ish troops, v. 46; at Hackensack,
108; commander of forts in the IIigh-
lands, on the IIudson, 185, 186; on
treating for peace, 256; on Washing-
ton's advice, vi. 93; refuses the de-
mand of congress, 193; pronounces
against the federal convention, 259;
as governor and president of New
York state convention, opposes adop-
tion of federal constitution, 455, 456;
reply to Hamilton, 457, 458; opposed
by Hamilton, 467; re-elected gover-
nor of New York, 467.
Clinton, Henry, major-general, with
Howe, iv. 129; arrives in Boston,
193; in New York harbor (January
1776), 384; sails away, 885; stops
to see Dunmore in Virginia, 386;
instructed to suppress and destroy
rebellion, 397; proclamation, 398;
lands troops on Long Island, near

Charleston, South Carolina, 400, 401;
finds that he can do nothing, 405;
crimination and recrimination with
Parker, 409; arrives in New York
with troops, v. 27; left in New York
by Howe, 175; deludes Putnam, 185;
returns to New York, 186; succeeds
Howe in command, 270, 271; orders
received as to campaign, 272; evacu-
ates Philadelphia, 273; at the battle
of Monmouth, 276, 277; retreats to
New York, 277; requires more troops,
282; goes to Rhode Island, unsuc-
cessful, 286; remonstrates against
weakening his force, 290; sends
troops against Georgia and for West
Indian service, 295; raises a regi
ment of Irish in New York, 295;
conducts expedition up the Hudson,
329; resolves on a campaign at the
South, 375; sends out expeditions,
378, 379; proclamation, 379; in New
Jersey, 425; fits out an expedition
against Rhode Island, 426; failure
of, 426; report on prosecuting the
war in the United States, 426. 427;
uses fraud and corruption, takes Ar-
nold into pay as spy and traitor, 427;
efforts to save André, 435-438; hu-
miliating position, 437; disapproves
course of Cornwallis, 497; sends Ar-
nold to the Chesapeake, 505; also
against New London, Connecticut,
507; sends for troops from Corn-
wallis, 510, 511; self-delusion, 515,
516; reports surrender of Cornwallis,
523, 24; superseded by Carleton,

555.

Clinton, James, at Fort Montgomery,
on the Hudson, v. 185.
Clymer, George, of Philadelphia, iii.
453; in the federal convention, vi.
320-355.

Cocheco, Indians at, ii. 178.
Coddington, William, from Boston, Eng-
land, i. 237; plants near Roger Will-
iams, 262; put in office, 297; dis-
possessed, 298.

Coffin, Nathan, an impressed sailor, v.
139.

Coke, Sir Edward, i. 241.

Colbert, J. B., favors La Salle, ii. 160-

162.

Colburn, Colonel A., of New Hampshire,
death in battle, v. 184.
Colden, Cadwalader, plan for governing
the colonies, ii. 333, 334; advises tax-
ation by parliament, 350; letter to
Halifax, 352, 353; on parliamentary
taxing, 382; on perpetual colonial
revenue, 528, 529; on fixed salaries,

Coligny, Admiral of France, sends Ri-
bault to plant colony in Florida, i. 51;
second attempt, 52, 53.

Colleton, James, deposed by the people
in South Carolina, and banished, i.
436.

Collier, Sir George, v. 330; at Castine,
Maine, 333, 334.

Colonial assemblies of Virginia, i. 112.
See Virginia.

Colonial system of Europe, ii. 86.
Colonies, the old thirteen. Sce America.
Colonics, American, reconstructed on
the principles of the English revolu-
tion, ii. 9. Sce America.
Colorado river, discovered by Alarcon,
i. 32.

Columbus, Christopher, discovers the
New World, i. 7; second and third
voyage of, 11; death of, 21.
Colville, Admiral, in command on North
American coast (1763), iii. 61.
Commerce, and commercial classes, pow-
er of, ii. 6, 7.

"Common Sense," by Thomas Paine,
argument in favor of declaration of
independence and forming American
governments (January 1776), iv. 313-
315.

Commons, house of, subordinate to the
lords, ii. 409; resolve as to colonial
rights, 461.

Conant, Roger, at Cape Ann, Massachu-
setts, i. 222.

"Concessions" of the Quakers, i. 547.
"Conclusions," as set forth by the Puri-
tans, i. 230.

Concord, Massachusetts, founded, i. 257,
258; convention in (1774), iv. 54;
news reaches, of expedition against, i.
153; people rally, 157, 158; British
enter, 158; destroy stores, etc., 159;
first martyrs, 161; loss in killed and
wounded, 165, 166; instruction to
delegates as to independence, 428.
Confederation of the New England colo-
nies. See New England.
Confederation of all the colonies pro-
posed, ii. 303.

Confederation, plan of, in congress
(1776), v. 10; difficulties in arrang-
ing, 10, 11; discussion and result,
12-15, 49; articles adopted (Novem-
ber 1777), 193; citizenship of the

United States, 200; inter-citizenship,
201; independence of each state, 201;
vote by states, 201; when two thirds
vote required, 202; congress not to
levy taxes, 202; distribution of quo-
tas, 202, 203; property in slaves not
to be taxed, 203; public domain, 203,
204; jealous of the army, 204; for-
eign relations, 204; powers of the
states, 204; committee of states,
205; mode of amending, 205; free
inhabitants, free citizens, 206, 207;
rights of man, 207; dangers in the
way, 208; tendency to dissolution, vi.
124; new articles added (1786), 191.
Congregationalism, or independency, es-
tablished in Massachusetts, i. 228,
233, 308, 309; intolerant spirit of,

312.

Congress, at Albany. See Albany.
Congress, at Alexandria. See Alexan-
dria.

Congress, American, suggested by Otis
(1765), iii. 113; plan for, prevails in
Pennsylvania, etc., 146, 147; opening
in New York, 149, 150; members
and principle of union, 150, 151; de-
bates on liberty and freedom of trade,
153, 154; memorials and petitions
to parliament, 154, 155; union formed
by the delegates, 156; the colonies
adhere to congress and plan a per-
manent union, 162, 163; petition not
received by house of commons, 186.
Congress, first continental (1774), dele-
gates to, from Massachusetts, iv. 23;
Rhode Island and Maryland choose
delegates, 24; New York, 31; South
Carolina, 32; Pennsylvania, New Jer-
sey, New Hampshire, 33; North Caro-
lina, 36; meets in Philadelphia, Sep-
tember 5th, with members from eleven
colonies, 61; method of voting, 62;
Henry's speech, 62, 63; vote by colo-
nies, 63, 64; prayer at the opening,
64, 65; twelve colonies represented,
66; approve the Suffolk resolutions,
66; list of grievances, 68; sympathy
with Boston, 71; resistance of Massa-
chusetts approved, 72; declaration of
rights, condemning eleven acts of
parliament, 73; threat to stop Brit-
ish imports and exports, 73, 74; slave-
trade to be abolished, 74; address to
the people of Great Britain, etc., 74,
75; petition to the king, 75, 76; in-
dependence not yet determined on,
76; courts the Canadians, 81, 82;
the king receives its petition, 96;
Lord Chatham eulogizes the wisdom
of congress, 103.

Congress, second continental (May
1775), iv. 190; difficulties before it,
190, 191; delegate from Georgia,
192; instructs New York, 192; dis-
cusses state of the union, 192; ap-
proves Jay's motion, 193; John Han-
cock president, 200; orders defences,
200; address to the Canadians, 200;
Lord North's offer, 20, 201; reject-
ed, 202, 203; asked to take charge of
the continental army, 203; Jolin
Adams nominates Washington com-
mander-in-chief, 204; borrows money,
204; gives advice to Massachusetts,
204; appoints a fast-day, 205; mis-
take in making short enlistments,
205; elects Washington general of
the army, 205; inefficient as a gov-
ernment, 211; pledges made to Wash-
ington, 212; clects four major-gen-
erals, 232; eight brigadiers, 234, 235;
issues bills of credit, 237; authorizes
invasion of Canada, 237; reasons for
taking up arms, 237; second petition
to the king, 238; addresses to people
of Great Britain and of London, 238;
Washington's report, 243; Schuyler's
report as to Canada, 213; Franklin's
plan of confederacy, 243, 244; apathy
as to colonial governments, 245; an-
swer to Lord North's offer, 245, 246;
post-office and hospital organized,
246; paper money, how to be re-
deemed, 246; refuses to open the
ports, and adjourns August 1st, 246.

Meets again in September (1775),
iv. 261; undecided, 261; Gadsden
defends New England, and Rutledge
moves exclusion of negroes from the
army, 261, 262; in doubt and uncer-
tainty what to attempt or do, 264;
the king's proclamation destroys last
hope of reconciliation, 272, 273;
recommends governments to the colo-
nies, 273; majority in favor of inde-
pendence, but no hasty action taken,
274; action as to the navy, etc., 274;
orders garrisoning forts on the Hud-
son, 311; Wilson moves to set forth
reasons for independence, 316; course
as to enlisting free negroes, 322, 323;
is anxious to attack Boston, 323; re-
proved by Washington, 324; votes
thanks and medal to Washington, 331;
discusses enfranchising American
commerce, 335; claims right to con-
tract alliances, 335; on enlistments,
etc., 336; chooses six brigadiers, 336;
issues four million dollars in bills,
337; committee of ways and means
appointed, but do nothing, 337; com-