lished his poem with too much precipitation, some few faults and inequalities might certainly be objected to which he might easily have avoided. It would be sufficient to name them, but our limits will not permit us to enter into details.

Relation des Evenemens, &c.-Narrative of Military and Political Events that occurred at Naples in 1820 and 1821; addressed to His Majesty the King of the two Sicilies. By General William Pépé. Paris, 1822.

This narrative is written with infinite moderation. It contains remarks and explanations of the conduct of the Neapolitans in general, and of the author in particular, during that epoch. A supplement is added, containing a number of official documents, the greater part unpublished, which serve to verify the history of the times. The author is very patriotic and zealous in his endeavours to defend his fellow countrymen from the reproaches bestowed on them in consequence of the late events.

La Scandinavie vengée, &c.-Scandinavia vindicated from the Charge of having produced the Barbarians who destroyed the Roman Empire. By J. Graberg de Hemso. 8vo. pp. 250. Stockholm, 1822.

The learned author of this work was employed in a diplomatic situation for several years on the coast of Africa, and it was during this voluntary and patriotic exile that his thoughts and labours were incessantly directed to

wards the Scandinavian kingdoms; the more especially as they were his birthplace. The preface is dedicated to M. de Wetterstedt, and is dated from Tangiers, Feb. 15, 1821.

M. Graberg wishes to prove that the people of Scandinavia, whom we have been so long accustomed to consider as barbarians from the assertions of

historians, were really possessed of a very high degree of civilization at the period of the fall of the Roman empire. This civilization, as our author has it, though extremely different from that of the Greeks and Romans, was yet equally apparent and infinitely more calculated to polish the public manners. In the second place, M. Graberg asserts, and we have no doubt proves by historical testimony, and in fact by the nature of things, that it was not from Scandinavia, but from Asia, that emanated that host of barbarians who deluged the civilized countries of Europe, and who, in the end, caused the destruction of the Roman empire. It is impossible here to give an analysis of the very learned researches of M. Graberg. It will be sufficient to say, that he presents some of the most important facts of the middle ages in a new point of view, and that he elucidates the primitive history of all the northern nations of Europe. The author does not, as is usually the case in works of erudition, indicate his authorities by notes placed at the bottom of the pages, but by giving a list of the authors cited, and the simple inspection of this list is alone sufficient to prove his vast reading concerning the antiquities of the north, which cannot but be read with a feeling of deep interest. M. Graberg writes French with clearness and precision, though he occasionally uses a mode of discussion that has fallen into disuse with regard to scientific works.

AMERICA.

An able mechanic at New York, named Isaac Jennings, has invented a new fire-arm it is a gun barrel, mounted in the ordinary manner, capable of containing twenty charges at one time. Each discharge may be made at discretion, and if necessary they may succeed each other every two seconds. The necessary machinery may be applied to guns in common use, and even to pistols, which may be made to dis charge twelve times without any other

inconvenience than an additional weight of five or six ounces. A soldier thus armed may make twelve or fifteen discharges on the enemy at the commencement of an engagement, and his mus ket differs from those in common use only because it does not require priming. Cavalry, being provided with pistols of this description, can make head against the infantry much longer than they have been hitherto able to do. This fire-arm is not less useful in ships, when boarded by an enemy;

and it has been examined by many military and naval characters, and generally approved: its use is acknowledged to be free from all danger.

ASIA.

On the 16th of Sept. 1821, a ship from the Sandwich Islands entered the port of St. Peter and St. Paul. The captain, by an express order of his sovereign, entertained the governor and his staff. Presents were exchanged on both sides; two rein deer, male and female, and one young bear, were sent as presents to the king of the Sandwich Islands. The Captain received one of the most beautiful cows of this country for his own use. his departure, the 18th of December, the vessel gave a salute by a discharge of all her artillery: she was well equip. ped, the crew were entirely composed of natives of the Sandwich Islands, and were good humoured and great favourites with the Kamtchatkans.

On

Their

clothing is not yet very uniform, one wears a sailor's jacket, another a frock coat, and others a silk coat, but without any stockings; and few of them had any shoes.

PERSIA.

Mirza Djiaffar, a young Persian, published at Tauris, last year, a handsome edition of Gulistan de Sâady, the types, which are small and elegantly formed, were cut by himself.

ISLAND OF HAYTI.

The Telegraph being the only journal in this capital, some Haytians have thought that the actual state of the Republic required a more extended periodical journal; and for this purpose they have united to conduct a new journal, under the title of Haytian Propagator. The first number of which was to have been published on the first of last June. By the prospectus, which is composed with great ability in French, we find that the editors will insert articles on politics, sciences, literature, and the useful arts.

This journal, which is to contain sixteen or twenty octavo pages, will appear the first and fifteenth of every month.

DENMARK.

The Royal Society of Sciences at Copenhagen have published a general chart of North Jutland; they have not abated in their geographical researches, and as their advancement in the sciences has been very considerable since they undertook the Atlas of Denmark, the charts which are to be published of

Holstein will be executed according to the latest discoveries; and the King has provided for the expense of this national enterprise. The Chevalier Schumacher, to whom the execution of these charts is confided, is at present occupied in taking a mathematical survey of Holstein and Lauenburg.

SWEDEN.

The publications of Swedish Botany and Swedish Zoology, which were discontinued in the year 1816, are now to be resumed by the Academy of Scieuces, at Stockholm, at the expense of the Government.

SPAIN.

A pamphlet on the private life of Ferdinand VII. will shortly be published at Madrid.

EGYPT.

A Turkish and an Italian press are being established at Alexandria, and also a Lyceum, under the superintendence of Nureddin Effendi.

PRUSSIA.

The lovers of antiquity have to deplore an irreparable loss. General Menu, of Minutoli, had succeeded under the protection of Mehemed-ali-Pacha, in collecting a great number of Egyptian antiquities; he had them carefully packed up in ninety-seven eases, and brought them as far as Trieste, where they were re-shipped for Hamburgh, and ensured for the sum of 27,000 maros, but the vessel sunk in a gale of wind, between Heligoland and Cuxhaven. Some of the cases, however, were cast ashore on the Duchy of Bremen, which the peasants opened. Their consternation when they discovered the mummies may be easily imagined; they, however, ventured to give them a burial-place in the village church-yard, where they remained until the Prussian authorities had been informed of the circumstances by those of the Duchy of Bremen.

The King of Prussia has issued an ordonnance, dated the 12th of April last, containing the following regulations:-that professors, whether civil or ecclesiastic, who, yielding to the evil influence of the times, oppose, in the minutest particular, the commands of the King, or interfere with politics, will be instantly deprived of their functions, and banished. The partisans or propagators of democratic principles are to receive no employment or relief throughout the Prussian do minions. Before a professor can be admitted to a situation, he must obtain from the Minister of the interior an

approbation of his conduct for the last five years preceding!

RUSSIA.

The Bible Society of St. Petersburgh has caused to be printed and published, in the Mogul and Calmuc languages, the Four Evangelists with the History of the Holy Apostles, which will be followed by the whole of the New Testament. These Editions will be distinguished for the beauty of their type.

The Church of Isaac at St. Petersburgh, which has been raised at an enormous expence, and is nearly finished, is to be pulled down, because it does not reach the idea which the Emperor had formed of its grandeur and magnificence. It is to be re-built, from a model of the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary, at Cassan, with much greater magnificence. To effect this, the plan has been completely changed. The new structure will be commenced in the ensuing Spring, provided a war with the Turks should not intervene.

GERMANY.

The Topography of Bohemia, by Scheller, published about thirty years ago, will no longer satisfy the wishes of the inquisitive reader, on account of the number of changes which have taken place in that kingdom. Therefore, Mr. Edward Ponsikl has undertaken a new work, under the title of A Statistical Topography of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The first part will be occupied with general matter, and will contain researches on the name, and the most ancient epochs in the history of Bohemia, its boundaries, soil, climate, and the state of the Arts. The author will also treat of the language, religion, and manners of the inhabitants; and include memoirs of learned men and of artists, whose works are known in Bohemia. In the second part, a particular description will be given of every city, village, or lordship, with their several dependencies enumerated and described. This work of Mr. Ponsikl is looked for with great impatience.

The History of the French, by M. Simonde de Sismondi, has been translated into German, by Mr. SteconLuden, Professor of History. The first volume has already appeared, with notes by the Translator.

A Society of Natural History is about to be formed at Friburgh; the members are to assemble every fifteen days, when lectures and memoirs will be delivered. This Society will particularly endeavour to derive all possi

ble advantages from the productions of the country. The Memoirs are to be published annually; and the Grand Duke honours this useful institution with his special protection.

Dr. Dorrow, Aulic Counsellor, and a learned Archeologist, director of the administration for the preservation of Roman and German Antiquities, in the departments of the Rhine, has transported to Bonn a very curious BassoRelievo, which was found in 1811, in the small river, called the Inde, Dend, or Ingue, near the village of TreinzLamersdorff (in the ancient department of the Roer.) This piece of sculpture is 4 feet 4 inches in length, 2 feet 2 inches in height, and 1 foot 8 inches thick. Whilst it stood for some time in the square of that village, the figures were considerably mutilated, by the mischievous wantonness of boys, and the affected delicacy of an old religi ous prude, who actually employed a stone-mason to mutilate certain parts of the male figures. The rest were suffered to escape their savage fury, and are in good preservation. Between the columns a temple is seen, from which a female is advancing at a quick pace, bearing a small image of Diana in ber hand, and on each side are two naked male figures. They are armed with small swords, and one of them is carrying two darts. Behind these figures a burning altar is seen, at the foot of which the Holocaust, or burnt offering, is extended. The history of this subject is not doubtful; it is Iphigenia of Tauris, accompanied by Orestes and Pylades, carrying the image of her goddess. Although this piece does not appear to be highly finished, yet enough remains to place the artist high in the estimation of the connoisseur. The style differs essentially from all the other pieces of Roman sculpture, which have been lately discovered in the department of the Rhine. The proportions of the naked figures are perfect, the head of Iphigenia is full of expression, and the drapery light and graceful. M. Dorrow has discovered, in the same river, twelve other pieces of sculpture, which he safely landed. On the bank of the same river, he dug up the capital of a pillar, which bears the marks of great antiquityThis stone does not differ in quality from those found in the quarries near Aix-la-Chapelle. No doubt remains, but that the Basso-Relievo, the Capital, and the others yet remaining in the river, are only the fragments of an ancient temple. But what temple this was, or at what period it existed, re

mains a question, which the German antiquaries have yet to solve.

PORTUGAL.

The State of Public Instruction is not so defective in this country as we might imagine, from the imperfect accounts of travellers. Portugal contains not less than 873 Elementary Schools; in 266 of which, Latin is taught, and in 21, Greek and Rhetoric; in 27, Philosophy, Natural and Moral, -At Coimbra, there is a University, directed by six of the Faculty, and a preparatory College for students. The University and College together contain, annually, from 1280 to 1600 students. In 1819, all these establishments were attended by 31,401 pupils. Besides these National Institutions,there are several others, where youth are educated for particular professions, such as the Marine and Commercial Academies at Porto, which contained 315 students, in 1820; and the Academy at Lisbon, in which there were 315 students, in 1921. The Commercial Academy at Lisbon is attended an nually by 150 pupils; and the Royal Military Academy for Artillery and Fortification by 80 pupils. The Military College of Luz, near Lisbon, has 200 students. The Royal Mili tary Schools of St. Vincent de Foan, at Lisbon, are attended annually by upwards of 200 students. In the same city there are, the Royal College of Nobles, the Royal Academy for the Arabian Language, the Royal School for Civil Architecture and Drawing, a Royal School for Sculpture, another for Engraving, an Institution for Music, and several other public Institutions of less note. Exclusive of the Professors' Chairs at Coimbra, Surgery is taught by the Royal School of Surgery, annexed to the Grand Hospital of St. Joseph, at Lisbon, and by those at Porto, Elvas, and Chaves. The Military School for Mutual Instruction, to which are admitted the children of citizens, had 2518 scholars in 1818, and this number has much increased since. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon has published, annually, since it was founded, memoirs that are not less learned than useful, on every branch of human knowledge, which are printed at their own Academic press. The Portuguese have formed several literary Societies, among which may be noticed, The Patriotic Literary Society, and the Society of Encouragement, at Lisbon. The annual average of books printed in Portugal, since 1805 to 1819, inclusive, amount to 94.

GREECE.

Janina, in Albania, that now performs so distinguished a part in the history of Greece, and whose inhabitants, to the number of 40,000, are eminent for their knowledge and industry, is, at this period, possessed of two Schools, where the Dead Languages are taught. The first was founded 130 years ago, by Ghioni, a rich merchant, who had placed a considerable sum in the bank of Venice for its support, but of which the French possessed themselves, during their occupation of Venice. Since that period, this establishment has been supported at the expense of a Greek family, named Zosima, and contains more than 300 pupils; the other, established within 30 years, contains 100. These institutions possess two libraries, and a cabinet of natural history. Lately the method of mutual instruction has been adopted, and several pupils have already left these schools to finish their education at the German Universities.

ITALY.

The clergy at Rome consist of nineteen cardinals, twenty-seven bishops, 1,450 priests, 1,532 monks, 1,464 nuns, and 332 seminarists. The population of Rome, with the exception of the Jews, consisted, in 1821, of 146,000 souls. The births during that year were 4,756, the deaths 5,415, and the marriages 1,265.

A circular, issued by the Piedmontese custom houses, has placed new restrictions with regard to the admission of books into Piedmont; each list must be accompanied by a duplicate account, containing the name of the author, the title of the work, date of publication, number of the edition, the number of volumes or sheets printed, the separate price of each work, also the net weight of engravings and books, whether stitched or bound.

SWITZERLAND.

The censorship at Lausanne has ordered that the proprietors of reading rooms in that city shall not lend out the works of Sir Walter Scott!

FRANCE.

The equinoxial tides in the autumn of 1820 discovered at the mouth of the Saane, several coffins of gypsum, containing human skeletons in good preservation, with Roman tiles, fragments of earthen vessels, arms, and armour. M. Sollicoffre, inspector of the customs at Dieppe, has placed these antique fragments beyond the reach of

the sea, and offered to the academy of Rouen all the information respecting them in his power. The account that he received from the country people in the neighbourhood was, that they have found in their fields medals and constructed fragments, which warrant the opinion that some city, which was visited by the Romans, formerly existed on these grounds. A second discovery, more recently made, for which we are indebted to M. Sollicoffre, leaves no doubt that the Romans sojourned on the coasts of Normandy. One of the inhabitants of Saint Margaret's, ploughing a field on the ridge of a little eminence, not far from the sea, and west of the village, encountered, very near the surface, a perfect piece of Mosaic pavement, which arrested the plough. M. Sollicoffre found that this piece of Mosaic pavement was enclosed by a square wall of two fathoms. He drew a sketch of his discovery, which, with a memorial, he transmitted to the French Institute and the Academy of Sciences at Rouen. It appears by this sketch, that this Mosaic pavement represents concentric circles of different colours, of a rose shape, of which the exterior circle is six inches, and the central circle two inches in diameter. These roses are placed beside each other in such a manner, that the intervals form a lozenge of divers colours, the sides of which are curved with points in contact with the segment of the exterior circle of each rose. The material of this Mosaic pavement is neither marble nor granite, but a composition of argillaceous earths. The small pieces, when joined together, form a cubic shape, from an inch and a half to two-thirds of an inch, the exterior forming a trapezium; the various degrees of desiccation, which these earths appear to have undergone in the progress of manufacture, appear to account for their durability or friability. Their colours are red, white, yellow, and blue, approaching to violet, but tarnished. The cement, which unites the component parts, is composed of pulverised flint, lime, and sand. At some little distance from this spot the researches of M. Sollicoffre led him to suppose the continuation of this Mosaic pavement, and that it formed the floor of some spacious hall. The cement which holds it

is laid on a bed of Roman tiles, then a layer of marl or chalk, and this last layer on a bed of marine pebbles cemented together. M.Sollicoffre wished to pursue his investigations further, but the proprietor of the land prevented him. About twenty yards from the place where this Mosaic pavement was disinterred, a coffin, formed of gypsum, was found, resembling those discovered in 1820: this led M. Sollicoffre to believe that the Mosaic pavement be longed to a temple, or some place of worship constructed by the primitive Christians in that country.

UNIVERSAL POPULATION.

The total number of the inhabitants of the globe is estimated at 632 millions; 172 millions in Europe, 330 millions in Asia, 70 millions in Africa, 40 millions in America, and 20 millions in the Southern regions.

The births in Europe are 6,371,370 a year; 17,453 a day; 727 an hour; 62 a minute, and 1 every moment.

The deaths in Europe are 5,058,822 a year; 13,860 a day; 577 an hour; 66 a minute, and 1 every moment.➡ Throughout the universe, the Births are rated at 23,407,407 a year, 64,130 a day, 2,672 an hour, 148 a minute, and 8 every moment.-The Deaths, 18,588,236 a year, 50,927 a day, 2,122 an hour, 135 a minute, and 7 every moment. The number of persons who had attained to the age of a hundred and upwards, in the year 1800, according to Larrey, in Cairo, 35 individuals.

In Spain, during the last century, at St. John-lo-Pays, 13 old men received Communion, the youngest of whom was 110 years old, and the eldest 127; their united ages amounted to 1,499In England, one man in 3,100 attains the age of a hundred. At the commencement of the present century, in a part of Ireland, there were 41 individuals from 95 to 104 years old, where the population only amounted to 47,000 souls. In Russia, among 891,652 deaths in the year 1814, there were 3,531 individuals from the age of 100 to 132.In Hungary, the family of John Rovia has furnished the most astonishing instances of longevity; the father lived 172 years; his wife 164; and they had been married 142 years, and the youngest of their children was 115 years. of age.