people, however, might have the conscience to varnish their knavery towards strangers with a little complaisance, and decency of accommodation; whereas, there is not a dog-kennel in England, says Dr. C., 'where a traveller might not lodge more commodiously than in one of their khans; and the caravanserais are yet worse.' He cannot however much mend himself in the other parts of the Turkish empire; for the generality of its places of shelter and refreshment are fairly and even favourably represented by the alluring picture of the hotel at Pharsalus. Receptacles considerably less tolerable awaited our adventurer, at some later stages. A dirty square room, the floor covered with dust, and full of holes for rats, without even a vestige of furniture, is all the traveller finds as the place of his repose. If unprovided, there is not the smallest chance of his getting any thing to eat, or even straw to lie upon. In such an apartment we were permitted to pass the night; unable even to kindle a fire; for they brought us green wood, and we were almost suffocated with smoke;-not to mention the quantity of vermin with which such places always abound, and the chance of plague infection from their filthy walls. This subject is merely touched upon, that persons who have not visited Turkey, may know what they ought to expect before they take a journey thither. Yet, even to all this, weariness, and watchfulness, and shivering cold, and other privations, will at last fully reconcile travellers, and make them long for such a housing. In these places there is no separation of company;-masters and servants, cattledrivers and guides, and every casual passenger of the road, lie down together.' Occasions occurred in this and several other parts of the journey, for admiring the unmatchable speed, perseverance, and hardihood of the Tartar couriers, passing between Constantinople and the distant parts of the empire. Larissa was found to be a rich town, full of ill-disposed people. From this place the route was through the Valley of Tempe, the minute and picturesque description of which is intermingled with historical references and philosophical conjecture; and illustrated with a fine view and a most beautiful topographical chart. There is a variety of curious information concerning the industrious and comparatively free inhabitants of the mountain village of Ampelakia, and their manufacture of red cotton thread, and concerning the vast quantity of the Verde-antico marble found there, an indication which Dr. C. combines with the other local circumstances, to identify an earlier and somewhat lower site of Ampelakia with the ancient Atrakia, celebrated for its inexhaustible quarries of this beautiful stone. But the grand predominating feature and wonder of all this region, is Olympus, with its satellites, Ossa and Pelion. This sublime chief of the mountains of Greece, and of Grecian poetry, had commanded the attention and the reverence of our classical traveller long and often before he reached its precincts, as it is seen from each of the more southern eminences; and it continued a splendid and imposing vision during many long stages of his recession towards the north. Its utmost magnificence is displayed to the spectator contemplating it from a 'small town in the narrow plain between it and the sea, and upon the very roots of the mountain, -whose summits tower above it in the highest degree of grandeur which it is possible to conceive. There is no place where the whole outline formed by the many tops of Olympus may be seen to so much advantage as from Katarina. Perhaps they were rendered more distinct in consequence of the snows whereby the mountain was at this time invested. It appeared like one vast glacier.'-But after having left this station behind, Dr. C. says, ' We then beheld Olympus, not only in undiminished glory, but seeming of greater magnitude than ever, being without a cloud to obscure any part either of its summit or sides; all its vast masses and deep chasms being displayed, so that the eye might range from its broad base upwards to its craggy tops, now radiant with bright and shining light, reflected from accumulated snows, and contrasted with the dark shadows of its awful bosom. At about half an hour's distance, ascending a hill, we had another noble prospect, but in an opposite direction: it commanded the whole of the Thermaan gulf; mount Athos appearing plainly to the east.' Information obtained of an accumulation of marble ruins at a place on the mountain, excited an earnest wish to go and examine it; but the petty Turkish tyrant, the agha of the district, positively refused permission, in consequence of believing that some former travelling Franks, (Dr. C. surmises that Mr. Tweddell must have been one of them,) had found some treasure among those ruins;-in resentment of which envied discovery and stealth he had ordered all the marbles that tools could master, among those ruins, to be knocked in pieces. And yet, even Dr. C. is among the most indignant of the remonstrants against the measure, with respect to another part of Greece, of removing some of the precious marble remains beyond the reach of such gentry as this agha! On the plain surrounding the extremity of the gulf of Therma, our author recognised, in an immense tumulus, an everlasting memorial of the great battle of Pydna, by which Macedon was reduced to a Roman province. He takes this occasion to remark, 'that there is not a part of Greece which has been rendered illustrious as the field of any memorable battle, but a tomb of this description now remains, as a monument of the place where it was fought. This may be proved with reference to Marathon, Thermopyla, Plataea, Lucira, Charonéa, Pydna, and Pharsalia. The Macedonians and Greeks, after their battles with the Romans, or with each other, have always done this: but the same custom does not appear to have existed among the Romans in Italy, where there are no other tumuli than the barrows of the Celts, which are common to all Europe and Asia.' Pydna was rendered notorious by ancient massacres, as well as memorable by the finer, nobler kind of thing denominated a battle; and the unsated spirit of the first born Cain,' has received here later libations of blood. 6 It was at Kitros (the village now on the site of the ancient town) and along the road to Salonica, that the French prisoners, when compelled by the Turks to march from the Morea to Constantinople, suffered every cruelty that the malice of their enemies could inflict. Many of them, after seeing their drooping companions put to death by their conductors, because they were unable, through sickness and fatigue, to continue the route, were constrained to carry the heads of their comrades in sacks, that an accurate return of the whole number might be made upon their arrival in the capital.' At Salonica (Thessalonica) the plague was found ravaging with that license of power which the terrible destroyer enjoys throughout the Turkish empire; where, if it were absolutely worshipped as a deity, it might be alleged for the consistency of the people that their god would be worthy of their prophet. Dr. C.'s passion for antiquities led him to the extreme of allowable daring, in examining the ruins in the most infected part of the city. When about to leave Thessalonica, he indulged one more long and ardent gaze on the splendours of Olympus; and in the way of valedictory retrospect of Greece,' he makes a rapid and eloquent enumeration of its most magnificent and enchanting scenes, in the geographical order of a vast imaginary picture; and concludes, Thus, though not in all the freshness of its living colours, yet in all its grandeur, doth Greece actually present itself to the mind's eye;--and may the impression never be removed! In the eve of bidding it farewell for ever, as the hope of visiting this delightful country constituted the earliest and the warmest wish of `his youth, the author found it to be some alleviation of the regret excited by a consciousness of never returning, that he could thus summon to his recollection the scenes over which he had passed.' Vol. IV. p. 374. We had flattered ourselves we should have the management to accomplish, within the space fairly allowed by the limits of our work, a duly proportioned brief survey of the whole of our traveller's track, quite to the end of the fourth volume. We have failed; and must here prematurely come to a conclusion. In passing over Egypt and Greece, imagination itself is baffled in any attempt at a rapid flight; it is fascinated and brought down to the ground, as birds are said to be by the bright eyes of some serpents; and then it is surrounded, enthralled, and be-mazed, by an infinity of spectres, returned, as from Tartarus and Elysium, to haunt every region, tract, and ruin. It is no easy matter to make an expeditious progress through such an empire of captivating associations, antique solemnities, mysteries, muses, and splendours of nature, with any guide; but the difficulty is considerably increased in the company of our author. We suffer a perpetual incubus; the potencies of the Chaldean are so strong upon him, that at will, or even involuntarily, he fixes us to stones, or in caves, or in tombs, or on mountain summits, at the mercy of endless companies and flights of ideal shapes. We shall say, in a very few lines, that the journey was pursued to Constantinople, through very great dangers from the savage robbers and rebels of Thrace; that at Constantinople, an active inquisition was made after antiquities, and every thing else worth seeing and reporting; and that the very entertaining account of the Ottoman capital, is followed by the long journal of the truly grand tour through Bulgaria, Walachia, Transylvania, and Hungary, to Vienna, concluded by a slight notice, in a page or two, of the comparatively home excursion into France in the way to the English shore. An extended and interesting portion of the volume is employed in describing the gold mines of Hungary; and every stage of the journey is enlivened with entertaining incidents, picturesque descriptions, or sensible or learned observations. We think the last volume the most interesting of the four. The plates, of this volume especially, are excellent; the greater number of them are by Letitia Byrne, and evince great and progressive attainments in the art. If any distinct estimate were to be made of Dr. Clarke's style, it must be acknowledged to be considerably careless and incorrect in construction; and there is an excess, amounting to affectation, in the use of some antique modes of phrase. ART. III. 1. On the Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation. By Edward Jenner, M. D. F. R. S. &c. London. 1801. 2. An Oration Delivered before the Medical Society of London, on the Occasion of Presenting Dr. Edward Jenner with a Medal, in Honour of his Discovery of Vaccine Inoculation. By Dr. Lettsom. London. 1804. 3. A Comparative Sketch of the Effects of Variolus and Vaccine Inoculation; being an Enumeration of the Facts not generally known, but which will enable the Public to form its own Judg ment on the probable Importance of the Jennerian Discovery. By Thomas Pruen, Esq. London. 1807. TH HESE pamphlets are of a very old date,-and do not embrace one tenth of the number which the same subject was the means of calling forth. The promulgation of the Jennerian discovery caused, for some time, a general engagement throughout the lines of the English physicians; and we could fill up all the space we intend to devote to this article with barely enumerating the titles of the works which have been written by a Willan, a Ring, a Moore, a Mosely, a Squirril, and a-host of others whose names we have now forgotten. The three pamphlets, of which we have just transcribed the titles, afford us all the requisite materials for a short account of Dr. Jenner's life; and we shall, therefore, proceed to lay before our readers a brief abstract of their several contents. Edward Jenner is the son of the Rev. Stephen Jenner, M. A. of Oxford, rector of Rockhampton, and vicar of Berkely, in Gloucestershire,-and was born in the latter place on the 17th day of May, 1749. He lost his father at a very early age; but in the affectionate attentions of his two brothers, the Rev. John Jenner, B. D. fellow of Magdalen college, Oxford, and the Rev. Henry Jenner, vicar of Great Bedwin, Wilts,-he found almost a sufficient remuneration for his loss. His classical education was received at Cirencester,-and his medical education at Sudbury. In 1770 he took up his residence in London, with John Hunter, the anatomist. As natural history was a collateral department of anatomical study, Dr. Hunter published frequent essays on that subject, during the two years which Jenner spent with him:-the name of his new pupil was always introduced with approbation; and so highly indeed did the doctor rate his investigative powers, that he made him a liberal proposal of co-operation in a course of lectures upon natural history, which he was then preparing to deliver. About the same period a skilful comparative anatomist was wanted to accompany captain Cook in his first projected circumnavigation of the earth. Jenner was pointed out as the person most competent to fulfil such an office; and, although he was tempted by |