them with his trumpet to fire, which they did in the most awkward and timid manner, with their muskets hard pressed upon the ground as above mentioned. At the same moment the cannon were fired by Thompson, immediately on which they threw themselves back and began to roll and tumble over the sand as if they had been shot, when suddenly springing up they began a song of triumph, and running backward and forward upon the shore with the wildest gesticulations, boasted of their exploits, and exhibited as trophies what they had taken from us.'-pp. 48-9.

As it will be impossible to sustain the thread of the narrative throughout the whole of the article, we shall here very briefly sketch the respective characters of our captives,―and then proceed to give some account of Nootkian politics, religion, and manners.-At the time of his capture Jewitt had attained his 25th year. He is one of those ingenious, tight, sagacious little fellows, who have minds,-capacious enough, to be sure, in the total,-but divided into small capacities for all sorts of employment. He could be habile and dexterous at almost any craft;-could be all things to all men;-and slip through society of any kind without difficulty or impediment. Thompson was nearly the reverse of all this; and Maquina himself had frequent occasion to observe, that Jewitt's mother must have been extremely pacific and good-natured, since his father was so full of gruffness and hostility. He was born in Philadelphia; eloped as a cabin-boy to London, when but eight years of age; got into difficulty and engaged as an apprentice to the captain of a collier; was impressed into a man of war; continued 27 years in the service,—during which he was in lord Howe's battles with the French; and had embarked on board the Boston in hopes of making a sailor's fortune in the fur trade. He was thus trained up in the school of adversity and of hard blows. His body of indurated clay was fired by a soul which seemed to have been stolen from the gods. He was strong and athletic,-an expert boxer,-and incapable of comprehending what ordinary mortals mean by fear or danger. Jewitt resolved to conciliate and to conquer his captors, by humouring and adopting their opinions; but Thompson acknowledged no ideas in common with the savages; he could not-and would not dissemble his feelings; and whenever the natives encroached upon his dignity, they generally experienced the weight of his fist. At first they indulged the insolence of victory by taunting and abusing their captives:Jewitt expostulated with Maquina; and Thompson knocked the offenders down. Jewitt was determined to acquire the Nootkian language, and endeavoured to make Thompson perceive the advantages of following the example: but he felt

scandalized by the proposal, and swore he hated both the Indians and their d-d lingo,-and would have nothing to do with it.' He had been so much accustomed, however, to the keeping of a log-book, that, though utterly incapable of writing or reading, he was constantly vexing his comrade to commence a diary; and when Jewitt objected that there was no ink for the purpose, he offered to puncture one of his hands every night to furnish a succedaneum. Jewitt could not think of such a resort; and his ingenuity soon enabled him to manufacture a liquid more appropriate than the express juice of Thompson's fingers. This contrast of character has often afforded us amusement in the perusal of the narrative before us; and we shall have occasion to remark many instances of its appearance in the subsequent part of our review.

Before we proceed to a particular account of the government, religion, manners, and customs of the people who must occupy the greatest part of our canvass, we shall give a brief delineation of the other tribes that were in the habit of visiting Nootka. The Klaizzarts are a tribe of about 3000 souls, situated 300 miles to the southward of Nootka. They are fairer, stronger, more affable, and more ingenuous than any other. Their faces are very broad, their noses depressed, and their heads flattened, by means of pressure on the top before the skull has become completely ossified. They pluck out all their eyebrows,—are very skilful in painting and decorating themselves,-speak the Nootkian language, and are great hunters of the sea otter, and the metamleth, a species of the deer.-The Wickinninish are about 2,200. They reside at the distance of 200 miles; are less polished in all respects than the Klaizzarts; and instead of flatting the head by the imposition of a weight, they compress the sides so as to make it run up in the form of a sugar loaf. Maquina's arcomah, or queen-Yyatintlano-is a daughter of their phylarch; and the Wickinninish, accordingly, go a-cousining very frequently to Nootka.-The Klaooquates reside next on the north. They consist of about 1200; are very fierce, bold, and enterprising;-the people whom Maquina used to guard against with the most vigilance.-The Eshquates are next in order. They are about equally numerous with the Klaooquates; and are considered as tributary to Maquina.The Nootkians themselves consist of only 1500 souls.-On the north the Artizzarts are the first tribe. They reside at the distance of 40 miles; consist of about 900 souls; and are in all respects the imitators, as they are the tributaries of the Nootkians. Farther north are the Cayuquets;-a tribe more numerous, but less courageous, than the Nootkians.—Besides these there are many intervening tribes; but they all speak the

same language, and are alike in almost every other respect. The Newchemass are an exception.-They come a great distance from the north; are much more savage than the others; speak a different language, wear a different dress, and are, in short, a different sort of people in every respect. Their beards are suffered to grow, like those of the Israelites; they are clothed, or rather covered, with wolf-skins; and take very little pains to keep themselves even decently clean. The Nootkians procure their war-songs and their paint from the Newchemass. Of the Nootkians about one-third are warriors; and if the same proportion exists among the other tribes, the whole number of fighting men on that part of the coast over which Maquina has any sway, may be estimated at about 3,500.

Whenever they came to visit or trade, it was their general custom to stop a few miles distant, under some bluff or rock, and rig themselves out in their best manner, by painting and dressing their heads. On their first coming on shore, they were invited to eat by the king, when they brought to him such articles as he wanted; after which the rest of the inhabitants were permitted to purchase, the strangers being careful to keep them in their canoes until sold, under strict guard, to prevent their being stolen, the disposition of these people for thieving being so great that it is necessary to keep a watchful eye upon them.

'This was their usual mode of traffic; but whenever they wished to purchase any particular object, as for instance, a certain slave, or some other thing of which they were very desirous, the canoe that came for this purpose would lie off a little distance from the shore, and a kind of ambassador or representative of the king or chief by whom it was sent, dressed in their best manner, and with his head covered with the white down, would rise, and after making known the object of his mission, in a pompous speech, hold up specimens of such articles as he was instructed to offer in payment, mentioning the number or quantity of each; when, if the bargain was concluded, the exchange was immediately made.

On their visits of friendship or traffic, the chiefs alone used to sleep on shore, this was generally at the house of the king or head chief, the others passing the night on board of their canoes, which was done not only for the preservation of their property, but because they were not permitted to remain on shore, lest they might excite some disturbance, or commit depredations.'-pp. 102-3-4.

Friendly Cove lies very near the 49th degree of north latitude; and is a creek about half a mile long and three-quarters broad,-bounded on the east by the mainland, and on the west by a peninsula, which runs nine miles into the sea in a southwesterly direction; and is, upon an average, about a mile and a-half in breadth. The shores of the Cove on these two sides

are perpendicularly abrupt, and the trees are growing quite to the edge of the water. The northern boundary, on the other hand, is a fine sandy beach, which rises by a gentle acclivity to the village of Nootka. Twenty houses or huts erected in a line, and decreasing in size, from that of the phylarch in the centre, according to the rank of the tyee or chief,-compose the place in which our two captives were obliged to spend the greater part of three tedious years. Nootkian politics are completely typified in this architectural subordination. Maquina is not properly a king; and is himself fully aware that he can only continue his ascendency by outdoing all the other chiefs in the abundance of his feasts, and in the expensiveness of his household. Like all feudal princes, indeed, he is nothing more than the greatest baron in the realm; and accordingly his own hut differs from that of his compeers,-not as a royal palace differs from an ordinary house,-but as a capacious mansion differs from a contracted one. His present habitation is 100 feet long, 40 broad, and 14 in height; while the extreme buildings are only about 40 feet in length, 36 in breadth, and 10 in height. Each chief has an extent of authority proportionate to the size of his house; and thus we are presented with perhaps the only existing pyramid of society that is not a figure of speech. In the hands of a vigorous ruler, like Maquina, the phylarchical authority is necessarily absolute; and we have seen, accordingly, that, though the other chiefs are consulted in cases of importance, they always have the fear of the club before their eyes, and know very well that the only alternative is, to conduct with moderation, or to be driven out of doors. Nothing, however, can equal the reverence and affection of the Nootkians for his present majesty. Whenever his life is placed in jeopardy they become frantic and inappeasable;-insomuch that when he was detained on board of the brig Lydia, as the price of Jewitt and Thompson's ransom, the natives ran to and fro along the shore; lacerating their faces, tearing out their hair, and howling in the most piteous strain. They were equally attached to his son; and, indeed, whenever any member of the royal family received an insult, the indignity was felt by the meanest individual in the tribe. Thompson effectually tested all their principles before he had done with them; and we suppose that, except the king, there was hardly a single adult male in Nootka whom he did not knock down once, at least, before the termination of his captivity. On one occasion he gave them an opportunity to manifest their affection for Sat-sat-so-kis. The king had lately innovated immemorial custom by illuminating his own house with lamps instead of torches; and one evening as Thompson was replenishing the oil and lighting the

wicks, a knot of young Indians, the little prince among the rest, were imprudent enough to pull his trowsers, and pinch his legs. He lost all patience; and his royal highness was, accordingly, laid as low as the meanest of his subjects. He had before committed a great many letiones, but this was emphatically the crimen majestatis. Jewitt and Maquina were both absent; but the latter soon heard the news; and when he saw Sat-satso-kis prostrate as he entered the cabin, he snatched up a musket in the greatest fury, and determined to shoot the offender on the spot. His agitation rendered him so awkward, however, that he did not load the gun till Jewitt had time to attain the house. When he entered, Maquina was frothing at the mouth, and in the act of presenting the musket,-while Thompson stood in a posture of defiance, and was calling on the king to 'shoot and be d-d.' Nor was it till he had exhausted all his peace-making eloquence, that Jewitt could persuade the former to spare the life of his pseudo-father, or the latter to receive his life at such unworthy hands. At length, however, the king was prevailed upon to deliver up the musket;-and when the tempest of anger had subsided into the calm of reflection,-'John (said he) you die,--Thompson kill.' The storm, however, had by no means gone over. The whole tribe were so violently enraged, that Jewitt had to use all his persuasion, and Maquina to exercise all his authority, in order to prevent them from taking the life of the delinquent; who, in the mean time, seemed not to care half so much about his own existence as either the king or the armourer.

But, besides this strong attachment of his subjects, Maquina is distinguished from the other chiefs by the superior eclat of his personal decorations and accompaniments. His belts are broader, and his clothes are finer, than those of the subordinate tyees; and while the latter wear nothing more than a coarse, unornamented cap in the fashion of a sugar-loaf or truncated cone, the latter has an urn on the top of his, and a daubing in front, which was intended for a representation of whale-fishing. The whale is the royal fish; and wo be unto the presumptuous plebeian who dares to strike before Maquina has had a chance! The distribution of all booty is referred to the phylarch; who, of course, does not apportion to himself the smallest dividend. The division of political labour is not to be expected in such a state of society; and the prime ministry, the mastership of the ceremonies, as well as the office of jester or poet laureate, are all concentered in the same individual; who, in the Nootkian, is called climmer-habbee. The great part of his duty consists in steering the king's canoe,-in performing the feudal office of showing visitors to their appropriate seats at the royal table,—