ADMIRALTY, &c.

It extends to national navigable rivers, great lakes and to maritime navi-
gation, 234, 235, 240-244, 245, 334-347.

Our prize courts the only independent ones, 686.

As to maritime contracts, 338-347.

Water common carriers, and judicial rules relative to collisions, 342—346,
375, 376.

National courts have exclusive jurisdiction of questions arising under the
law of nations, treaties, acts of Congress and national authority, and to
review final State decisions contravening them, captures jure belli,
piracy and slave trade, 100, 148-152, 212, 288-293, 334, 335-353.
National law and supremacy of law, what, 289-295, 301, 306, 382.
Under the commercial power Congress may exclude paupers, criminals,
and persons of offensive color or caste, (subject to treaties,) and so may
a State, under its police powers, subject to treaties and acts of Congress,
and how construed, 99, 211, 212, 225-230, 255, 256, 354, 439–441,
457-459, 462-465.

Congress may pass laws to protect passengers, and regulate liabilities in
United States licensed vessels, 226, 340-348.

Practice of national courts, 356.

National courts have such jurisdiction over captures, government seizures,
patents for inventions, copyrights and salvage cases, 232–235, 271, 334
--336.

Over maritime cases, contracts, &c., 337-346.

Over maritime collisions, and judicial rules as to same and water
common carriers in maritime cases, 212, 225, 226, 338-348, 375, 376.
Over contested State boundaries, 381, 400.

Of extradition, inter-state and foreign, cases, 153-170, 208, 284, 298
-295.

Over crimes and offences against United States, 212, 334-336.

Of foreign executives, ministers, consuls, &c., 495.

Of questions incidental to main subject, 352.

Of suits by or between States, or by foreign States, 279.

Over ceded places, District of Columbia and the territories, 160, 295
-297.

Over fugitive criminals, 154, 155, 166, 167, 460, 461.

As to laws and proofs in extradition cases, 160-170.

Extradition or arrest of deserters from ships, 164-166.

As to State reservations and right to serve process in ceded places, 160,
279, 280, 288-294, 461.

The national judicial authority is co-extensive with the legislative power
of the national government, and the State judicial jurisdiction covers
the field of State municipal legislative power, 288, 289.

Mandamus, national, what, 350.

Habeas corpus, national, what, 281-288, 293-296, 693.

Suits in State and national courts, when, 206, 279.

National and State courts, concurrent jurisdiction, when, 281–288.
National courts may, by prohibition and injunction upon parties, compel
them to desist from proceeding in a State court to interfere with the
paramount jurisdiction of a national court, 289, 291.

ADMIRALTY AND PRIZE COURTS.

Our national courts are alone independent of the executive power, 686.
Habeas corpus, 693.

No State court can issue any process to a national court to impede its
action by any act, 291.

AGENTS, PRINCIPALS, DIRECTORS OF CORPORATIONS, TRUSTEES OF
ASSOCIATIONS, &c.

When corporations and associations are liable for acts of their agents, 214,
316-323, 364-371, 372-375, 383-389, 394, 428.

When liable for violations of duty, 373, 376-379.

When States and nations are bound by agents' acts, 394-400, 407, 408,
410-415.

When discretionary public agents, their power, 364, 365.

Legislative power is not assignable, 264, 275—277, 364, 371.

Permissive powers, given by statute to public agents, are imperative, 366,
376, 431.

Elementary principles of associations and corporations can only be changed
by consent of parties to them, 268, 278, 320, 357, 375, 376-378, 379,
383-388, 428.

A State legislature or corporation cannot legally contract to refuse to
exercise its legislative power or to assign the same, 264, 274, 275, 277.
364, 383-388, 428.

Want of legal power or constitutional power may be waived, 365, 384, 388.
Legislative grants are construed strictly, and nothing is taken by implica-
tion, 268, 275, 317, 423, 427, 428.

This rule applies to national and State grants of lands, 275, 410-415.
Corporations are not citizens of the United States, but they reside in the
State granting them, 316-319, 337.

They may by comity act in other States, when, 316–319, 337.

Two or more corporations cannot unite unless allowed by statute, &c.,
268, 320, 383-388, 428.

Injuries incident to legislative or municipal action gives no right of action,
231, 253, 276, 364-366, 387.

Directors of corporations, trustees and managers of associations, deemed to
know their capital, and condition and transactions, 322.

They are liable for frauds and violations of duty, 320-323.

If directors distribute all corporate funds and leave debts unpaid they are
liable for them, 323.

A court of equity will interpose to prevent directors from misapplying the
funds of company, 376-879, 383-388.

The legislature may remodel municipal corporations, but cannot take their
property from them without compensation, 275, 278, 357, 388.
Municipal bodies, by express statute, may subscribe for rail-road or other
stock, and be obliged to tax to pay for same, 388, 389.

Where by statute plenary power is given a municipal corporation, or to
persons or public agents, to determine and execute certain duties, the
courts cannot review the exercise of such discretion, 252, 253, 276, 331,
364, 365.

The act of agents of a corporation in its business is its act, though unknown
or contrary to orders, 366-369.

AGENTS, &c.

ALIENS.

All corporations and franchises in this country are granted by statute, and
the powers expressly stated only pass, 268, 276, 317-321, 377, 423—
429, 692, 695.

Ordinary corporators and grantees of franchises by acceptance in law,
promise and are bound to perform the duties attached to them, 424,
429, 376.

As to franchises in our Union there can be no prescription, 36, 37, 692, 695.
If such duties are not performed, a proceeding in the nature of a quo war-
ranto, by the attorney-general, may be instituted to oust the party, and
an indictment will lie, also, 424, 425.

If an illegal bridge, wharf, &c., has been put up, it may be abated, 234,
250-254, 424, 425.

By leave of the sovereign power, or by statute, a corporation or grantee
of a franchise may surrender it, 425.

Among nations and our States, foreign contracts are subject to the lex loci,
103-105, 483, 484.

A legal assignment in one State passes personal and real property in
another, and it cannot afterwards be attached as assignee's property,
whether made by a corporation or person, 102, 120, 122, 124—129, 214.
As to realty the law of the situs governs, 132.

Any foreign contract made illegal by the law of the situs, though legal
where made, will not pass property in another State, 123, 124, 126, 129.
A foreign assignment, valid where made, to pass property at sea, will be
enforced abroad, as between persons domiciled in the place of the execu-
tion of the contract, but the law of the foreign country must be proved,
128, 142-146, 310-312.

A mistake of a foreign law may be corrected by a new suit in the State or
country whose law was misapplied, 181.

States of our Union are not really foreign though municipal sovereignties,

129.

Foreign law, how proved, 310.

Foreign law is not presumed to be known to non-residents, 312.

Naturalization a natural right, 22, 24, 257–263, 450-457.

United States law, 257-263.

Aliens domiciled may sue in the courts of the country, 279, 280, 347.
May be taxed, 64, 70, 74, 446, 455.

Are entitled to hospitality, 488-490, 507.

As to right to hold realty, 445.

Their property subject to eminent domain, 64.

May escheat unless the lex loci shall otherwise declare, 70, 134, 433, 445.
May commit treason, 64, 326.

Property devised or descending to them may be taxed, 70, 446.

Their movables in a foreign State go to it, if there is, by its law, no owner

for it, 29, 70, 433.

They are entitled to religious freedom, 436-438, 488, 507.

To fair trials and just protection, 484, 438, 439.

To domicil and trade securely protected, 439-442, 445, 447, 549.

Rights of aliens abroad, 487-490, 508.

ALIENS.

Incipient naturalization, its effect, 449–457.
Rights of domiciled aliens, 455-457.

Domicil, what, and its effects, 452-455.

His trade is that of the country of the domicil, 452, 453.

When naturalization is complete, their rights what, 22-24, 257-263,
448-450, 480.

Aliens may be exiled, pursuant to a statute, 485.

Alien enemies, allowed to reside in a country, may sue there, 621.

ALLUVION AND OBSTRUCTION OF WATERS.

Law of, 15, 16, 430.

Where a river or navigable water is a national or State boundary, neither
party can obstruct the natural flow of the water to the injury of the
other, 15, 16.

AMERICAN LAW OF REALTY.

Generally allodial, free from entails absolutely, and all recorded; the State
where the realty is, governs, 694, 695.

AMERICAN LAW.

That which pervades the Union, 690.

Civil and religious liberty, inherent natural rights, 10, 11, 436-438, 460,
488, 491, 507, 549, 674, 675, 690, 694.

No person can be deprived of a right without due process of law, 65, 177,
180-188, 195, 201, 357-361, 362, 626, 627, 691.

Generally an indictment must precede a trial for a crime, 357-359.
A judgment is a bar to a re-trial, if final, 358, 362.

A party accused of crime is not obliged to testify against himself, 358,
361, 692.

Private property must be paid for if taken for public use, 63, 65, 76, 77,
358, 692.

Outlawry is prohibited, and no citizen can be exiled, 362, 363, 485, 691.
Freedom of the press and speech, 693.

National navigable waters free to our citizens, 71, 234-241, 257, 402—
405, 695.

Purpresture and nuisances in such waters, how remedied, 79, 234, 250-
254, 430.

Free ingress and egress through all our States to citizens, and no transit
duties, 255.

No bills of attainder or ex post facto laws, 99, 691.

Where navigable waters divide our States or nations, 15-18, 21, 209, 211.
States may exclude foreign criminals, paupers or offensive castes, when, or
may seize and punish foreign offenders, 20, 211, 212.

Cruel and unusual punishments prohibited, 691.

Laws are not retrospective, 83, 86, 692.

An American's house cannot be searched without warrant on oath, 693.

A State legislature only can declare martial law therein, 33, 35, 694.

In public grants nothing passes by implication, 415, 694.

A State, in trust for its people, owns the soil under navigable waters, with
fisheries, below ordinary high-water mark, 11, 17, 18, 45-49, 79, 94, 95,
257, 402, 404, 695.

AMERICAN LAW.

The people of the United States made the national Constitution, and vested
forever all national powers in the government of the Union, and made
the States forever municipal bodies only, 2, 3, 30—32, 33, 220–225,
447, 607, 669, 690, 696.

All franchises are a permanent part of the legislative power, 36, 37, 237,
423, 427, 691, 692, 694, 695.

Americans have a right to bear arms, 693.

Realty and immovables are governed by the law of the situs, 107, 111,
123, 132, 134, 695, 696.

Treason against a State or the United States, what, 323-332, 695.

Inter-state and constitutional comity, what, 95-99, 129, 173-175, 176,
179, 214, 305, 320, 354, 355, 468, 474, 696.
Public offices personal trusts, 306, 431, 697.

Judgments in personam must be on due personal service, and in rem on

legal notice, 123, 147, 177—179, 180-191, 202, 206, 357-364, 696.
All our States are equal, 82, 696.

All national territories, District of Columbia and ceded places are subject
to the national government, and each State to its government and to
that of the Union, 218, 249, 690, 696.

AMERICAN CITIZENS.

Who are and who are not, and the rights of citizenship, 472, 480—183,
690-698.

When naturalized, what, 221, 248.

Who can become citizens, and how, 258, 263, 449, 450-455.

Incipient citizens, 450, 455.

American citizens and aliens in United States alike protected, 507, 508.

AMERICAN HUMANITY.

In war, contrasted with British and Mexican, 599-608, 612, 614, 638, 688,
689.

AMERICAN TITLES, 394-398, 401-407, 690.

AMERICANS.

Pacific and humane, 538, 587, 588, 608, 609, 616, 617, 619.
AMISTAD CASE, 216, 480.

ARMY, NAVY, MILITIA, MARTIAL LAW, INSURRECTION, COURTS MAR-
TIAL.

Whole military and naval power is vested in the President, to prevent
foreign and domestic invasions and all insurrections, 33-35, 193—195,
208, 223, 328, 323-333.

The President may, during the war, establish military governments in con-
quered places, 599-608, 612-614.

ASSESSMENTS AND TAX SALES.

When legal, 191-193, 363.

ASSIGNMENT OF LEGISLATIVE POWER,

A legislature or corporation cannot do it, 222, 223, 264, 274, 277, 278,
292, 306, 355, 364, 377.

ASYLUM AND HOSPITALITY.

Right of, 434, 435, 442-446.

ASSIGNMENTS, WILLS, STOCKS, FOREIGN LAWS, &c.

Of other States, and foreign, when valid, and their effect, 100, 102—113,
122, 126, 127, 132.