en

a. By producing conditions which courage under-nutrition, insufficient clothing,, and shelter, and general lack of attention to personal health.

b. By functional or organic diseases directly due to the poisonous effects of the drug; as dyspepsia, fatty heart, indurated liver, sclerotic arteries, epilepsy, etc.

c. By increasing susceptibility to trade diseases; as lead poisoning in painters, diver's paralysis, etc.

d. By lowering the body's resistance to germ diseases, as tuberculosis, etc.

7. TENDS TO LOWER EARNING CAPACITY BY IMPAIRING

a. Physical efficiency.

(1) Alcohol impairs the strength and precision of the muscles and, therefore, (x) reduces the output of piece work and (y) limits the field of highly-paid manual occupations.

(2) Impairs eyesight and hearing (and power of instant perception, judgment, and action) essential to work on railroads, etc. b. Mental efficiency.

(1) Alcohol even in very moderate quantities impairs the quantity and quality of mental work such as reckoning, memorizing, and in a more marked degree, brain work of greater complexity. (See pp. 65, 73.)

(2) Alcohol injures higher brain centers thus (x) impairing power to attain a high degree of mental training, and (y) judgment and executive ability necessary to large undertakings.

(3) Tends to impair the ability to do creative work.

1.

Effects on the Welfare of the Laborer Due to the General

Use

INCREASES THE COST OF LIVING

a. By causing provision dealers to lose hundreds of dollars in bad debts on account of drinking which loss must be covered in part by putting a higher price on the goods. b. By destroying food-grains.

Professor Patterson says that "two temperance people can be supported on the land needed to satisfy the coarser tastes of one regular frequenter of the saloon."—(Warner, p. 97.)

2. LAYS HEAVIER TAXES ON HIM

a. By lowering property valuations.

Prof. Barker (p. 17) states that the inevitable effect of establishing a saloon is to depreciate the property around it, and cites as example the city of Cambridge, Mass., population 100,000, in which under license from 1875 to 1885 the valuation of property decreased about $3,000,000. Saloons were abolished in 1885 and during the next 20 years property increased in value $36,000,000, the population doubled, and the savings-bank deposits trebled.

b. By decreasing aggregate wealth.

(1) The wealth producing power of labor is decreased; and (2) much of the money spent for drink is sent to distant breweries or distilleries instead of being spent in the locality.

c. By throwing a great burden of unproductive incompetents on the public charge.

(1) Pauperism; (2) insanity; (3) crime; and (4) defectives, epileptics.

The Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of the Statistics of Labor (1895) showed that of the paupers in state institutions 45 per cent. of the total number attributed their pauperism to the intemperance of themselves or others. Of Insane in public institutions, of 897 cases where the facts could be determined there were 69 per cent. in which one or both parents were intemperate; and in 1506 cases there were 25 per cent. in which the intemperate habits of the person were considered the cause of insanity. (See Journal p. 17 for full

discussion.) "Of the 160,000 epileptics in America, 32,000 (20 per cent.) owe their affliction to the intemperance of parents."-Rosanoff in McClure's, March, 1909.) In the matter of crime the Bureau found that in the case of 84 per cent. of all convictions. the intemperate habits of the offender led to the condition which induced the crime. (See Journal p. 17 for fuller discussion.)

3. LOWER HIS WAGES BY FORCING HIM TO COMPETE WITH CHEAP LABOR, AS

a. Women and children who are driven into the field because deprived of support by the drinking habits of their natural supporters.

The saloon is the treadmill ever-moving, carrying the children into industrial life when they ought to be receiving an education or playing to develop their physical, mental and moral manhood and womanhood.-John B. Lennon, Treas. Am. Federation of Labor.

While we are trying to bar out cheap labor from abroad the saloon is steadily cheapening labor at home.-Warner.

b. Men's labor forced on the market unduly.

Mr. A. Crosby stated before the United States Senate Commission that the wages of mechanics are set by drinking men who, because of their improvidence, have no economic reserve, and, hence, are obliged to force their labor on the market, where it brings a low price, thus forcing down the wage average.

4. CUTS DOWN THE STANDARD OF LIVING AND THUS CAUSES UNDER-CONSUMPTION OF USEFUL COMMODITIES, the Manufacture of which Employs More Skilled Labor and Pays More Wages.

Professor Barker (Saloon Problem p. 10) states that the liquor industry pays a lower rate of wages than any industry with which it can be equitably compared. If the consumer pays $100 for useful articles, he will give employment for more than 8 times as many days; he will pay nearly 5 times as much wages; and he will demand 41⁄2 times as much raw material as if $100 were spent for alcholic liquors.

"A wise man works and earns wages, and spends his wages so that he may work again."

Extent of Such Demand

As the result of an investigation authorized by Congress, Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, in 1897, made extensive inquiries of employers as to their attitude toward drinking men. The replies which were received from about 7,000 establishments showed among other things:

a. That in hiring new men about 77 per cent. were accustomed to give consideration to habits as to the use of intoxicating liquors. (See back inside cover of Journal.)

b. That out of the 6792 establishments the following make some requirements that employees, or employees in certain occupations, shall not use intoxicating liquors:

Of agriculture about 54 per cent.; Manufactures, 48 per cent.; Mining and Quarrying 55 per cent.; Trade, 34 per cent.; and Transportation 80 per cent. More than 10 per cent. of all forbade drinking on or off duty.

C.

General Conditions Leading to Such

Demand

THE EMPLOYER MAKES A NARROWER MARGIN OF PROFIT than formerly because most raw material has advanced in price; wages are higher on account of the increased cost of living; hours of labor have been much shortened; many states have liability acts which subject him to damages for injuries to workmen. In the case of common carriers, corporations are liable for damages. for loss of property and injuries to persons due to the business. In order to meet the new conditions successfully employers everywhere are seeking on the one hand to eliminate all possible wastage and, on the other, to increase the output by installing more intricate and costly machinery and speeding it higher, and by demanding more and better work from the men employed.

Specific Reasons for Such Demand

1. ABSTAINERS ARE APT TO BE MORE PROMPT, RELIABLE, AND TRUSTWORTHY.

Drinkers are more likely to forget orders or the exact details of the same. (p. 65). b. Drinking favors association with irresponsible, idle, or vicious companions and

often paves the way to gambling and defalcations. (Supt. Western Division of American Express Co.)

2. ABSTAINERS ARE APT TO BE BETTER NATURED AND MORE REASONABLE, thus avoiding friction and possibly serious conflicts.

"The alcoholic, whether a victim of large or small doses, is 'touchy' and 'explosive' when crossed in the smallest way. He is exacting petulant and hypochondriacal." (Cutten, quoting Magnan).

3. ABSTAINER. ARE APT TO INCREASE THE AGGREGATE VALUE OF THE OUTPUT because of their unimpaired skill.

The difference between a $4 and a $5 shoe is very largely a matter of skilled labor. A drinking man can not do the finest work. It needs clear, alert, active brains. We may put the finest leather into a shoe, but if the fine hand of sober, expert labor is not there, it shows in the product and commands less in the market. (Prouty and Co., Shoe Manufacturers, Spencer, Mass.)

4. ABSTAINERS ARE APT TO WASTE LESS MATERIAL AND TO HAVE FEWER "KNOCKDOWNS" (i. e., damaged products which have to be sold under price).

"He [the intemperate workman] is not an efficient factor in production. His 'knockdowns' eat up the possible profit on his good work." (David C. Mills, Editor, Hat Review, Nov., 1910.)

5. ABSTAINERS ARE LESS LIKELY TO CAUSE LOSS ON ACCOUNT OF WASTE OF TIME.

Employers lose heavily from the waste of time due to drinkers.

a.

Drinkers are often absent from the works on account of (1) unfitness for work due to acute alcohol poisoning (drunkenness), as after pay-days; and (2) sickness due to lowered vitality and impaired resistance to disease.

b. The drinking workman often spreads disease among his fellow workmen for, not only is he more likely to contract germ diseases as colds, la grippe, tuberculosis, etc., but by his careless and unhygienic habits he spreads the germs in the factory. (New York Hat Review.)

6. ABSTAINERS ARE LESS APT TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR PREVENTABLE ACCIDENTS. Drinking increases accidents. a. Involving.

(1) The drinker himself; (2) his fellow-workmen; (3) and others as passengers on railroads, ships, etc.

7.

ABSTAINING WORKMEN ARE APT TO BE MORE PROFITABLE.

Abstainers are likely to be (a) better clothed, housed, and fed; (b) to be more vigorous and have greater endurance; (c) to have greater application; (d) to be more self-respecting and ambitions; (e) to be in every respect, more efficient. (For full discussion of this topic see pp. 77-8.)

Professor Helenius was informed by Captain Pethrick, the manager of the copper mines of Knockmahon,.... "that more than 1,000 persons are daily employed, of whom 800 have taken the total abstinence pledge. Since doing so, the value of their productive industry has increased by nearly $25,000 per annum; and not only are they able to put forth more exertion, but their work is done better and with less fatigue to themselves. Besides this they save at least $35,000 every year which had previously been expended in the purchase of alcoholic liquors.-Dic Alkoholfrage.

LESSON SUGGESTIONS-The preceding lessons together with the material furnished elsewhere in this Journal, will supply an abundance of material useful for lesson schemes, for reviews, or to buttress teaching on various topics. The quotations from various labor leaders will serve admirably for spelling or dictation. Some sections will furnish examples for the arithmetic classes; g.. that one relating to the burden of incompetents. Let the children figure out the cost of the pauperism, etc., in their own state or city using the percentages given. Remind the children that those who do not dink are obliged to help pay these extra taxes. Use some of the topics for debate: e. g.. Resolved. that the employer has no right to dictate what his workmen do outside of work-hours.

In advanced classes the topics may be placed on the blackboard and the pupils directed to get information from employers, newspapers and government reports, ete. Save the clippings and data thus obtained for further use. This method will se ve the double purpose of linking the lessons or essays with everyday life and of causing most pupils to notice similar items in a later reading. Use the charts given in this and the January Journal. leaving them in view where their lessens may be absorbed.

In younger classes use mainly the topic showing how and to what extent the use of alcoh I tends to injure one's chances of success. A few as touched lightly bat defini.e...

The Gulick Hygiene Series

Educators agree that the first purpose of the study of physiology and hygiene should be in the lower grades, to influence children definitely towards intelligent habits of living. The child's own action, experience and observation should be made the object of constant appeal. This the Gulick Hygiene Series does. The originality of the design of these books and the scientific and effective treatment of the material is equaled in no other series of textbooks on hygiene and physiology. The series conforms to the requirements of every state law in the amount of study given to the subject of alcohol and other narcotics.

Arranged for school use and home reading in a

Five-Book Course and a
Two-Book Course.

Exhibit consists of 25 Colored Charts (framed or

of scientific experiments, and a few attractive physiological plates. Most important phases covered. Nothing objectionable.

SPECIALLY DESIRABLE FOR

Labor Unions, Lyceums and Chatauquas, Societies of Christian Endeavor, Parental or Industrial Schools, No-License Campaigns, Public Temperance Meetings held in Churches or by Temperance Organizations, Social Welfare Workers and for High and Normal Schools and for Teachers' Meetings.

Subjects of Some of the Slides

Alcohol and Hard Work.

How Muscle Work is Measured.
Alcohol and Endurance.

Which Way Lies Success in Sport.
A Sixty-Mile Walking Match.
What Yale Football Men Say.

The Cost of a Mistake.

A Story for Bookkeepers.

Effect of Alcohol on Marksmanship.

Alcohol and Typesetting.

What the Shoe Manufacturer Knows.

A Healthy Nerve Cell.

What Alcohol Does to the Nerve Fibres.

Why Doesn't he Control Himself?

Where Accidents are Liable to Occur after Drink

WHO USE IT?

General Expositions

Teachers' Institutes

Charitable Organizations

Christian Endeavor Conventions

Sunday School Associations

Temperance Lecturers and Conventions

Physicians, Ministers

200,000 persons have seen these charts in two years. Send for Full Information as to Expense and Plan for Use.

SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE JOURNAL,

THE

Boston, Mass.