refreshment? justifiable desire for mental Shall he go to a place like the one just described, or to the saloons of our cities? And would you wait until the eight-hour day has been secured? Is it not rather a duty, a serious, solemn duty, to go to work immediately to establish for the tired working man a suitable place for him to rest in. The first step in that direction is the temperance society. We have no time to lose. Every hour brings new victims. Every hour strong, brave, good men are being carried down to destruction. Think of all the loss of will and strength for work, of all the unfitness, of all the lost hours and days and blue Mondays. Think of all the prisoners in the prisons, of all the sick in the hospitals, of the insane in the asylums and the great number of people watching F over and taking care of these. A fifth of the total energy of the people would be saved by the removal of this poison. If all the strength and energy wasted in these and other sources of misery, and all of this energy could be devoted to improving and elevating the human race, what an infinite perspective would be opened for the progress of human happiness! A sound policy is one that stands in harmony with the eternal laws of nature. Nature strives for perfection. A noble, beautiful, happy human race is the goal toward which all her energy is being directed. And I know of nothing that can give greater joy in life than working together in the struggle to reach this high aim toward which nature points us. The Financial Loss of Absences Due to Drink By R. H. SCOTT, Factory Manager, Reo Motor Car Co. OR several years I have been investigating the drink question from the standpoint of the employer and the employee, and among other things, the matter of unnecessary absences. In the Reo Motor Car Company Works (Lansing, Mich.) every second Wednesday is pay-day and after these pay-days there has been considerable loss of time on the part of drinking employees. In order to learn definitely the extent of this loss, the time keeper was instructed to report the loss of five consecutive pay-days (ten weeks) carefully investigating each absence and rejecting all cases in which there was any doubt as to its being due to drink. Each individual was counted but once, that is, the man who after a given pay-day lost Thursday was not counted again with the men who lost Thursday and Friday, or who lost three days. However, I believe that fully 50 per cent. of the men off after different pay-days were the same ones. The reports would fairly represent the average for the year. In the ten weeks no less than 190 employees lost from a half day to three days following the receipt of their pay. Such absences mean a considerable loss to the manufacturer for when a man fails to appear, machines and other men must wait till the man's place can be filled. Time means money. If, after a night in the saloon, the men do come to work, in their groggy condition their working ability is often impaired and they waste considerable material. Bearing in mind that Wednesday of every The wages of these men average $2.25 per day. It will be noted that after the five paydays, 56 men "celebrated" for three days each, (i. e., Thursday, Friday and Saturday) at a personal cost to them of $5.75, or, each man sustained a loss equal to about 25 per cent. of his two week's wages. The men who form the drinking habit to such an extent that they are away from their work two or three days after pay-day, generally keep it up as long as the firm for which "To the man who is actively engaged in responsible work, who must have at his command the best that is in him at his best-to him I would, with all the emphasis that I possess, advise and urge, leave drink alone absolutely. He who drinks is deliberately disqualifying himself for advancement. . . . Personally, I refuse to take such a risk; I do not drink. . . . With hardly an exception the men who are incapacitated first during the preliminary activities of any campaign are the drinkers. The same is true in every effort of life which demands the best energies of a man".-President Taft. TH The Locomotive Brotherhood's Rules BY WARREN S. STONE Grand Chief, Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. HE question of temperance is one of the cardinal principles of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, and is as strictly enforced as any of the other laws of the organization. No man can drink, either, off duty should it become known to the members of the organization, without being expelled from the order. I represent a class of men who above all others, require a clear brain, and for that reason if there is any one thing that we fight first, last, and all the time it is the question of drink. In these days of fast time, congested traffic and heavy trains, the engineer in the cab of a locomotive needs all the brains he has and he can not afford to have them muddled with alcohol. I not only preach total abstinence, I practice it as well. Ten years before any of the railroad companies required this, we had these laws forbidding the use of intoxicating liquors in our constitution and by-laws. Many of our railroads have become so strict at the present time that they will not employ as a beginner a young man who uses cigarets because one eventually leads to the other. Cigarets and intemperance go hand in hand, and one is about as bad an evil as the other; when you combine the two, such a young man is not of very much account in railroading in the present age. For that reason, companies are taking a very rigid stand upon both. There is no question but what the man who does not use intoxicating liquors is a better man in every respect, physically, mentally and morally, and for that reason the organization is fighting with all its might to keep its men up to the very highest standard of American citizenship, not only to be good engineers, and good members of the organization, but to be high class citizens, such as the world at large could be proud of. There is, perhaps, no other class of men in the world upon whom so much depends as upon the locomotive engineer. If there is anything in Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest, it is represented in the engineers of America, in their locomotive cabs today. Law of Michigan No person shall be employed as engineer, train despatcher, fireman, baggage-man, conductor, brakeman, or other servant in any of the operating departments who uses intoxicating drinks as beverages. What the Accident Insurance Company Advises Wherever possible it is advisable to prohibit absolutely the drinking of intoxicants during working hours. No man under the influence of liquor, even slightly, should be permitted to remain in the works, much less to work. A man whose nerves have been rendered unsteady by the habitual use of alcohol or by a recent debauch should not be permitted to operate dangerous machinery or to carry on dangerous work. He endangers not only his own life but the lives of others."From a pamphlet issued by the Fidelity and Casualty Accident Insurance Company. T Alcohol Makes Hard Work Harder BY W. PFAFF, M. D., MUNICH HE influence of alcohol extends even to the muscular apparatus. When we remember that during physical labor the blood stream flows more strongly than at other times to the muscles, the more pronounced effect of alcohol used during work by agricultural and other hard laborers is easily understood and it explains why they travel homeward from their work with heavy, languid gait, as if their limbs were loaded with lead, and instead of becoming nimble and elastic from their work, they become stiffer and more sluggish in consequence of the use of alcohol and the frequently accompanying insufficient diet. The muscular apparatus becomes fatigued much sooner under the influence of alcohol than without, as various investigators have made clear and indubitable by experimental researches, a fact that had been evident before to the objective reasoner from experiences in daily life. The thick tongue and the stiffness of the intoxicated person who can scarcely raise his glass to his mouth, and that not without trembling, and who, in the deeper stages of intoxication "lies like a log," show the influence of alcohol upon the musculature. Furthermore, the fatigue, relaxation and distaste for work which the laborer feels on Monday after the Sunday rest, even when his increased amount of drink has not resulted in drunkenness, shows this injurious influence, especially when one compares it with the beneficial effects of rest upon an abstainer. And yet one so often hears it said that alcohol renders endurance easy, that it facilitates recuperation in the hard working individual. But entirely aside from that, the fact that the use only after work of sufficient alcohol to produce euphoria [a sense of well-being] has a disadvantageous effect upon the work of the following day, chiefly by hastening fatigue, as Kraepelin and his pupils have shown, especially when it is taken daily for several days in quantities called "moderate," must make one reflect that it must be a peculiar kind of "recuperation" when alcohol still further incapacitates the fatigued muscle or poisons the wearied brain. How totally different for the former, in the way of good physiological strengthening, are the effects of refreshing rest, and for the latter a plentiful supply of fresh air which afterwards, in connection with an unstimulating diet brings refreshing sleep and true. recuperation and invigoration. Alcohol at most can only deaden the unpleasant feeling of fatigue and thereby render further physical exertion possible. No mortal can possibly do real mental work after taking a quantity of alcohol that produces euphoria. By this deadening of the feeling of fatigue a man delays giving his body the rest it needs and exerts himself beyond his strength, for even sitting in a tippling company is a strain on a tired man. The feeling of weariness is the safety-valve of our organism which protects it from overexertion. Whoever deadens this feeling is like an engineer who weighs down the safety valve of his steam engine in order to get more work out of it. A well built machine will stand it up to a certain point but it is not made better by such a trial, while every repetition reduces its power of resistence until it is no longer equal to even its normal working power and soon goes to pieces. In the same way it is nonsense to resort to to the so-called "use" for euphoria, for the bodily machine is not improved thereby but on the contrary made less efficient, a fact that is plainly taught but soon forgotten again by the condition after the euphoria has passed off. The fact that after a day of hard exertion a man feels his fatigue less in the evening after taking his usual "moderate" though non-intoxicating quantity of alcohol should be set over against the fact that the next morning on arising he feels more fatigued than when he went to bed, and furthermore, tires more easily during his work than he would have done without the previous evening's drink. Thus it is clear that by taking alcohol the organism loses instead of gains the strengthening effect which a healthy abstainer derives from not undue physical exertion when he has taken proper rest. The euphoria of the evening after work is purchased at too great a price. Τ Alcoholism and Tuberculosis HE Henry Phipps Institute in Philadelphia for the treatment of tuberculosis is compiling some valuable statistics on the relation between alcoholic habits and the response to treatment for tuberculosis. Beginning with the year 1907, the reports of the institution tabulate the course of the disease in seven classes of persons: (1) alcoholics, that is, "those who had used enough alcohol to do themselves some physical harm"; (2) those who had not; (3) those of whom there was no record; (4) those who had alcoholism in the preceding generation; (5) those having no alcoholism in the preceding generation; (6) those furnishing no record; (7) cases without alcoholism in either present or preceding generations. The statistics for 1907 and 1908, the only ones so far accessible, show a marked difference between the alcoholic and the non-alcoholic classes. Of the former there were 293 cases; of the latter, 1145. In 1907, 50 per cent. of the non-alcoholics improved, but only 26.14 per cent. of the alcoholics; 22.87 per cent. of the alcoholics died, but only 7.83 per cent. of the non-alcoholics, showing, as the report says, "nearly twice as good results for the non-alcoholics as for the alcoholics." The results of treatment in those who had a family history of alcoholism were only a little less striking: 47.20 per cent. of those with a family history of non-alcoholism improved as against 37.03 per cent. of those with a family history of alcoholism; 13.58 per cent. of the latter died, but only 9.48 per cent. of those who had no alcoholic family history. The figures for 1908 give almost the same percentages: mortality 100 per cent. higher among alcoholics, 80 per cent. higher in those of alcoholic parentage; improvement 30 per cent. greater in non-alcoholics than in alcoholics, and 10 per cent. greater in those without than in those with alcoholic parents. The number of those in whom the disease was arrested was very small in both classes. The total for the two years (1907 and 1908) was only 4 (1.61 per cent.) out of 247 who gave a history of alcoholism, and 15 out of 934 (1.60 per cent.) who gave a history of no alcoholism. The same applies to the arrested cases in those whose family history was reported: 5 out of 266 (1.87 per cent.) had the disease arrested among those having alcoholism in the preceding generation, and 14 out of 899 (1.55 per cent.) where there was no alcoholism in the previous generation. These numbers, especially among the alcoholic class, were rather too small to give significant percentages. The Phipps's statistics throw little light so far upon the relation of alcoholism to the implantation or occurrence of consumption. The number of non-alcoholic patients treated in the institute outnumbered the alcoholic about 5 to 1. Probably there is not in the general population from which these patients were drawn 1 alcoholic of the degree taken as representative by the Phipps Institute to every 5 persons in the community not thus alcoholized, which would indicate that the alcoholic class of the population had a larger representation under treatment for tubercu losis than the non-alcoholic class. To determine this point absolutely would necessitate a count of the "alcoholics" in the com munity to determine their ratio to the nonalcoholic. A separate classification of total abstainers, all through, would afford additional light. The Changing Standpoint from which Alcoholic Drinks are Regarde TH HE announcement of a new quarterly review (Die Alkoholfrage) devoted to scientific and practical phases of the alcohol question notes in particular the following steps that have been taken in the solution of that problem. "It is a striking fact that the alcohol problem has for a long time been denied due attention because of our custom of considering the use of alcoholic drinks as a mere private affair. How much or how little a person takes of these drinks, that-we thoughtconcerned only the individual. To know and control one's self is the task of the individual.' One took the problem for a private affair and overlooked, or at least, undervalued the full importance which the drinking custom of the individual must have for the persons around him and for his descendents. One hardly realized to its full extent the connection between such drinking and criminality, pauperism and other social miseries, nor did we feel strongly enough how far the whole efficiency of a people must be paralyzed by the custom of such drinking. "In the course of the last few years a change for the better has set in. More and more people are coming to comprehend that alcoholism is to be looked upon not only as a disease of the individual, but of the nation, and that the struggle against alcoholism is one of the foremost social duties." A The Working Man's Sources of Enjoyment BY E. L. TRANSEAU LL men desire pleasure, enjoyment. happiness, and most men agree that these are proper desires. In fact, one "inalienable rights" mentioned in the Declaration of Independence is "the pursuit of happiness." But where men cease to agree is on the methods of securing happiness. There can, of course, be no one method suitable for everybody for natures differ. But certain laws run uniformly through human life, and enjoyments that violate these laws bring penalty, sooner or later, in the form of pain or unhappiness. Physical law requires that eight out of the twenty-four hours be given to sleep; the many who earn their daily bread have to spend usually from eight to ten, or even twelve hours in labor; meals and one's toilet take another three or four, so that only from one to four hours are left free for the choice of enjoyment. Not all of the enjoyment of life is by any means confined to these hours of leisure. Pleasure may be gained from work itself, even when uncongenial, through satisfaction in doing it well or quick ly. The hours spent at meals may and should be hours of enjoyment. But how to get the most pleasure with the least unpleasantness out of leisure time is each one's individual problem. Those who have learned before they have reached the time of life when leisure is scant to find enjoyment in good reading, music, or some form of art or handicraft are fortunate. For them new and widening sources of pleasure are ever opening. "But," it is frequently urged, "the man engaged in very hard work is too tired when night comes for such enjoyments. He needs lighter forms of entertainment." If his home is what it should be it will afford just the kind of relaxation and simple enjoyment he needs after his day of toil. If such home conditions are lacking, and in some cases where they are not, working men are in danger of forming the habit of going to the saloons to spend their evenings. In fact, the saloon has been called the working man's club because it affords him an opportunity for the enjoyment of social intercourse. But the danger from the use of alcohol far outweighs the benefit of the social side of the saloon. Real working men's clubs, without alcoholic drinks, have proved a valuable source of enjoyment. Experience has shown that in the absence of alcohol higher and better methods of enjoyment are promoted. (A case in point is mentioned on p. 67.) DELUSION OR NEGATIVE ENJOYMENT NOT REAL ENJOYMENT Whether indulgence in alcoholic drinks really comes under the head of enjoyment is a question. One writer calls it negative enjoyment because the effect most sought for, especially by the tired working man, is the banishment of disagreeable feelings. It makes him forget his fatigue, care, hardship or whatever the trouble may be, and for a little while feel that his world is rosy instead of thorny. If it did only this and nothing worse it might do no especial harm for him to delude himself in this way for a while, but its tendency is to increase the cause of his troubles by making him less able to overcome them. The fatigue which he does not feel because his senses are dulled with alcohol is |