The Cross and the Shroud: A Medical Inquiry Into the Crucifixion

according angle appeared arms arteries artist attempt Barbet believe blood body bones breathing called carried causing century chest Christ cloth clots color contained cross crown of thorns crucified crucifixion dating death determined effect entire evidence experiments face feet Figure findings finger flow fluid foot front hand head heart hypothesis important increased indicated individual iron Italy Jesus John legs linen lungs marks measured minutes mortis muscle myocardial infarction nail negative nerve noted observed occurred oxide oxygen pain palmaris longus patibulum pattern photographic Pilate placed plant position present pressure produced Professor referred regarding region removed reported rigor Roman samples scourging severe shock Shroud of Turin side skin soldiers space spear studies suspension sweat tests theory thumb tion various victim washed weight wound wrist