The Cross and the Shroud: A Medical Inquiry Into the Crucifixion

3-D relief angle appears arms arteries artist Barbet bifurcation pattern blood flow blood image blood pressure blood vessels body only image bones breathing Calvary carbon causing century chest Christ's thorn cloth clots color Courtesy cross crosspiece crown of thorns crucified crucifixion death depicted Destot's space experiments face feet fibers fibrils Figure finger flagrum fluid forensic front hand wound image head region heart rate hematidrosis hypothesis hypovolemia image areas increased indicated individual iron oxide Jerusalem Jesus Jewish legs linen lungs McCrone median nerve minutes muscle myocardial infarction negative noted oxygen pain palm patibulum pericardial sac photographic pierced by spear Pilate placed pleural effusion pollens position Professor rigor mortis Roman ruptured samples scorch Shroud image Shroud of Turin side skin soldiers stipes studies suspension sweat gland Tamburelli tests thenar eminence thumb tion traumatic shock tridimensional Turin Shroud ULNAR upright victim volunteers washed weight wrist x-ray