Lectures on Ethics

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Cambridge University Press, 19 de mar. de 2001 - 507 páginas
This volume contains four versions of the lecture notes taken by Kant's students of his university courses in ethics given regularly over a period of some thirty years. The notes are very complete and expound not only Kant's views on ethics but many of his opinions on life and human nature. Much of this material has never before been translated into English. As with other volumes in the series, there are copious linguistic and explanatory notes and a glossary of key terms.

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Collinss lecture notes
37
On Universal Practical Philosophy 1 Proem
41
Of the Ethical Systems of Antiquity
44
Of the Principle of Morality
48
De obligatione activa et passiva
54
Of Moral Compulsion
59
Of Practical Necessitation
60
Of Laws
64
De cultu externo
112
Of Example and Pattern in Religion
116
Of StumblingBlocks
117
Of Shame in Regard to Devotion
119
Of the Confessing of Religion
120
On Morality 28 I Of Duties to Oneself
122
Of Proper SelfEsteem
129
Of Conscience
130

Of the Supreme Principle of Morality
65
De littera legis
73
Of the Lawgiver
76
Of Rewards and Punishments
77
De imputatione
80
Of Imputation of the Consequences of Actions
81
Of Grounds of Moral Imputation
82
De imputatione facti 16 Of Degrees of Imputation
83
On Religion 17 Of Ethics
90
Of Natural Religion
95
Of Errors in Religion
99
Of Unbelief
102
Of Trust in God under the Concept of Faith
106
Of Prayer
108
Of SelfLove
135
Of SelfMastery
137
Of Duties to the Body in Regard to Life 34 Of Suicide
144
Of Care for Ones Life
149
Of Duties in Regard to the Body Itself
151
Of the Duties of Life in Regard to Our State
153
Mrongoviuss
223
Vigilantiuss
249
Select bibliography
453
GermanEnglish glossary
475
EnglishGerman glossary
488
Name index
501
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The greatest of all modern philosophers was born in the Baltic seaport of Konigsberg, East Prussia, the son of a saddler and never left the vicinity of his remote birthplace. Through his family pastor, Immanuel Kant received the opportunity to study at the newly founded Collegium Fredericianum, proceeding to the University of Konigsberg, where he was introduced to Wolffian philosophy and modern natural science by the philosopher Martin Knutzen. From 1746 to 1755, he served as tutor in various households near Konigsberg. Between 1755 and 1770, Kant published treatises on a number of scientific and philosophical subjects, including one in which he originated the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system. Some of Kant's writings in the early 1760s attracted the favorable notice of respected philosophers such as J. H. Lambert and Moses Mendelssohn, but a professorship eluded Kant until he was over 45. In 1781 Kant finally published his great work, the Critique of Pure Reason. The early reviews were hostile and uncomprehending, and Kant's attempt to make his theories more accessible in his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783) was largely unsuccessful. Then, partly through the influence of former student J. G. Herder, whose writings on anthropology and history challenged his Enlightenment convictions, Kant turned his attention to issues in the philosophy of morality and history, writing several short essays on the philosophy of history and sketching his ethical theory in the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). Kant's new philosophical approach began to receive attention in 1786 through a series of articles in a widely circulated Gottingen journal by the Jena philosopher K. L. Reinhold. The following year Kant published a new, extensively revised edition of the Critique, following it up with the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), treating the foundations of moral philosophy, and the Critique of Judgment (1790), an examination of aesthetics rounding out his system through a strikingly original treatment of two topics that were widely perceived as high on the philosophical agenda at the time - the philosophical meaning of the taste for beauty and the use of teleology in natural science. From the early 1790s onward, Kant was regarded by the coming generation of philosophers as having overthrown all previous systems and as having opened up a whole new philosophical vista. During the last decade of his philosophical activity, Kant devoted most of his attention to applications of moral philosophy. His two chief works in the 1790s were Religion Within the Bounds of Plain Reason (1793--94) and Metaphysics of Morals (1798), the first part of which contained Kant's theory of right, law, and the political state. At the age of 74, most philosophers who are still active are engaged in consolidating and defending views they have already worked out. Kant, however, had perceived an important gap in his system and had begun rethinking its foundations. These attempts went on for four more years until the ravages of old age finally destroyed Kant's capacity for further intellectual work. The result was a lengthy but disorganized manuscript that was first published in 1920 under the title Opus Postumum. It displays the impact of some of the more radical young thinkers Kant's philosophy itself had inspired. Kant's philosophy focuses attention on the active role of human reason in the process of knowing the world and on its autonomy in giving moral law. Kant saw the development of reason as a collective possession of the human species, a product of nature working through human history. For him the process of free communication between independent minds is the very life of reason, the vocation of which is to remake politics, religion, science, art, and morality as the completion of a destiny whose shape it is our collective task to frame for ourselves.

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